“Additive polynomial”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Additive polynomial

释义

Definition
Examples
The ring of additive polynomials
The fundamental theorem of additive polynomials
See also
References
External links

In mathematics, the additive polynomials are an important topic in classical algebraic number theory.

Definition

Let k be a field of characteristic p, with p a prime number. A polynomial P(x) with coefficients in k is called an additive polynomial, or a Frobenius polynomial, if

as polynomials in a and b. It is equivalent to assume that this equality holds for all a and b in some infinite field containing k, such as its algebraic closure.

Occasionally absolutely additive is used for the condition above, and additive is used for the weaker condition that P(a + b) = P(a) + P(b) for all a and b in the field. For infinite fields the conditions are equivalent, but for finite fields they are not, and the weaker condition is the "wrong" one and does not behave well. For example, over a field of order q any multiple P of x^q − x will satisfy P(a + b) = P(a) + P(b) for all a and b in the field, but will usually not be (absolutely) additive.

Examples

The polynomial x^p is additive. Indeed, for any a and b in the algebraic closure of k one has by the binomial theorem

Since p is prime, for all n = 1, ..., p−1 the binomial coefficient is divisible by p, which implies that

as polynomials in a and b.

Similarly all the polynomials of the form

are additive, where n is a non-negative integer.

The definition makes sense even if k is a field of characteristic zero, but in this case the only additive polynomials are those of the form ax for some a in k.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

The ring of additive polynomials

It is quite easy to prove that any linear combination of polynomials with coefficients in k is also an additive polynomial. An interesting question is whether there are other additive polynomials except these linear combinations. The answer is that these are the only ones.

One can check that if P(x) and M(x) are additive polynomials, then so are P(x) + M(x) and P(M(x)). These imply that the additive polynomials form a ring under polynomial addition and composition. This ring is denoted

This ring is not commutative unless k equals the field (see modular arithmetic). Indeed, consider the additive polynomials ax and x^p for a coefficient a in k. For them to commute under composition, we must have

or a^p − a = 0. This is false for a not a root of this equation, that is, for a outside

The fundamental theorem of additive polynomials

Let P(x) be a polynomial with coefficients in k, and be the set of its roots. Assuming that the roots of P(x) are distinct (that is, P(x) is separable), then P(x) is additive if and only if the set forms a group with the field addition.

References

David Goss, Basic Structures of Function Field Arithmetic, 1996, Springer, Berlin. {{ISBN|3-540-61087-1}}.

External links

{{MathWorld|title=Additive Polynomial|urlname=AdditivePolynomial}}

4 : Algebraic number theory|Modular arithmetic|Field theory|Polynomials

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