| 词条 | State of East Indonesia |
| 释义 |
|conventional_long_name = State of East Indonesia |native_name = Negara Indonesia Timur |common_name = East Indonesia |subdivision = Federation |nation = Indonesia |status_text = State of Indonesia |p1 = Dutch East Indies |flag_p1 = Flag of the Netherlands.svg |s1 = Republic of Indonesia |flag_s1 = Flag of Indonesia.svg |image_flag = Flag of the State of East Indonesia.svg |image_coat = |image_map = Republik Indonesia Serikat BI.PNG |image_map_caption = The State of East Indonesia shown in gold as Negara Indonesia Timur |government_type = |title_leader = President|leader1 = Tjokorda Gde Raka Soekawati |capital = Makassar |national_anthem = Indonesia Raya |event_pre = |date_pre = |event_start = State Established |date_start = 24 December |year_start = 1946 |event1 = |date_event1 = |event_end = State dissolved |date_end = 17 August |year_end = 1950 |stat_year1 = 1946 |stat_area1 = 349088 |stat_pop1 = 10290000 }} The State of East Indonesia ({{lang-id|Negara Indonesia Timur}}, old spelling: Negara Indonesia Timoer) was a post-World War II federal state (negara bagian) formed in eastern Netherlands East Indies by the Netherlands. It was established in 1946, became part of the United States of Indonesia in 1949, and was dissolved in 1950 with the end of the USI. It comprised all the islands to the east of Borneo (Celebes, and the Moluccas, with their offshore islands) and of Java (Bali and the Lesser Sunda Islands). HistoryThe Dutch authorities, after various changes to the administration of the eastern islands of the East Indies, established the Great East region in 1938.{{sfn|Cribb|2000|pp=130-131}} Four years later, the Japanese invaded, and this area was placed under the control of the Imperial Japanese Navy.{{sfn|Ricklefs|2001|p=276}} Following the Japanese surrender and the Indonesian declaration of independence in August 1945, Indonesian republicans began fighting to secure Indonesian independence from Dutch colonial control. However, Dutch administrators backed by Australian troops arrived in the area previously controlled by the Japanese Navy, and prevented republicans from establishing an administration.{{sfn|Ricklefs|2001|p=348}} From 16–25 July 1946, the Dutch organised a conference in the town of Malino on Celebes (Sulawesi) as part of their attempt to arrange a federal solution for Indonesia. The Malino Conference resulted in plans for a state in Borneo and another for East Indonesia (then called the "Great East"),{{sfn|Anak Agung|1995|p=107}} areas where the Dutch held both de facto and de jure control.{{sfn|Anak Agung|1995|p=97}} Later that year, the unilaterally declared Republic of Indonesia agreed to the principle of a federal Indonesia with the Linggadjati Agreement of 15 November.{{sfn|Anak Agung|1995|p=112}}{{sfn|Reid|1974|p=96}} The Denpasar Conference of 18–24 December was held to work out the specifics of a state to be called the State of the Great East. ({{lang-id|Negara Timoer Besar}}).{{sfn|Anak Agung|1995|p=117}}{{sfn|Putra Agung|2007|p=37}}{{sfn|Kahin|1952|p=364}} That state was established on 24 December and, on 27 December, renamed the State of East Indonesia (Negara Indonesia Timoer or NIT which some opponents joked stood for negara ikoet toean or "state which goes along with the master", i.e. the Dutch{{sfn|Ricklefs|2001|p=276}}). With the realisation of the United States of Indonesia on 27 December 1949, East Indonesia became a constituent of the new federation. In much of Indonesia, the federal USI was seen as an illegitimate regime foisted on the islands by the Dutch, and many of the federal states began to merge with the Republic of Indonesia.{{sfn|Ricklefs|2001|p=285}} However many in East Indonesia, with its non-Javanese population and greater number of Christians, opposed moves toward a unitary state.{{sfn|Ricklefs|2001|p=285}} East Indonesia had already dealt with the "Twelfth Province" secessionist movement in Minahasa in 1948. The formation of East Indonesia's last cabinet in May 1950 with the intention of dissolving the state into the Republic of Indonesia led to open rebellion in the largely Christian Moluccas and the proclamation of an independent Republic of the South Moluccas (RMS).{{sfn|Ricklefs|2001|p=285}} The USI was dissolved on 17 August 1950 and the rebellion in the Moluccas was crushed in November of the same year.{{sfn|Ricklefs|2001|p=285}} GovernmentThe Denpasar Conference of 18–24 December 1946 approved the Regulations for the Formation of the State of East Indonesia (Peratoeran Pembentoekan Negara Indonesia Timoer) which supplemented the 1927 Dutch colonial law and established the provisional governmental framework of the new state until a constitution was approved on 1 March 1949.{{sfn|de Jong|1994|pp=1-2}} The state was to have an executive president who would appoint a cabinet and a legislature. A number of powers were explicitly reserved for the future United States of Indonesia, of which East Indonesia would be a constituent member.{{sfn|Anak Agung|1995|p=163}} PresidentBalinese nobleman Tjokorda Gde Raka Soekawati was elected president (presiden) at the Denpasar Conference that established the state, and held that position for the duration of the state's existence (24 December 1946 – 17 August 1950).{{sfn|Anak Agung|1995|p=131}}{{sfn|Anak Agung|1995|p=120}} LegislatureThe Provisional Representative Body for the State of East Indonesia (Dewan Perwakilan Sementara Negara Indonesia Timoer), initially consisting of the 70 participants of the Denpasar Conference, opened its first session on 22 April 1947.{{sfn|Anak Agung|1995|p=153}} Prime ministers and cabinetsThe state had a parliamentary cabinet appointed by the president but much real power remained with the Dutch East Indies authorities.{{sfn|Anak vAgung|1995|p=146}}
AdministrationThe State of East Indonesia was divided into five residencies which were in turn divided into districts (afdeling) and subdistricts (onderafdeling), an administrative structure inherited from the Dutch.{{sfn|Anak Agung|1995|p=147}} Within the residencies were 13 autonomous regions.{{sfn|Anak Agung|1995|p=180}} These regions, listed in Article 14 of the Regulations for the Formation of the State of East Indonesia (Peratoeran Pembentoekan Negara Indonesia Timoer), were South Celebes, Minahasa, Sangihe and Talaoed, North Celebes, Central Celebes, Bali, Lombok, Soembawa, Flores, Soemba, Timor and surrounding islands, South Moluccas, and North Moluccas.{{sfn|Anak Agung|1995|p=180}} The residencies were to be eliminated after the construction of functioning administration in the 13 regions.{{sfn|Anak Agung|1995|p=180}} Complicating this structure was the fact that
The Autonomous Region Regulation of 1938 gave the swaprajas wide de jure autonomy but most of the rajas were puppets of Dutch administrators.{{sfn|Anak Agung|1995|p=121}}The State of East Indonesia sought to curtail the power of these raja-ruled regions, but the Regulations for the Formation of the State of East Indonesia obliged the state to recognise their special status.{{sfn|Anak Agung|1995|p=166}} The remaining area of the state not part of the swaprajas comprised directly governed regions (rechtstreeks bestuurd gebied).{{sfn|Anak Agung|1995|p=181}} Directly governed areas included Minahasa, the South Moluccas, Gorontalo, the districts of Macassar and Bonthain, and Lombok.{{sfn|Anak Agung|1995|p=181}} Residencies and autonomous regionsThe following were the residencies and their autonomous regions.{{sfn|Anak Agung|1995|p=180}}
See also
NotesReferences
External links{{commons category}}
|country=Indonesia |abbr=id |editor=William H. Frederick and Robert L. Worden |date=November 1992 |section=The National Revolution, 1945–50 |author= |pd=no }}{{USI}}{{coord missing|Indonesia}} 5 : Indonesian National Revolution|States and territories established in 1946|States and territories disestablished in 1950|1945 establishments in Indonesia|1950 disestablishments in Indonesia |
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