| 词条 | St. Francis River (Minnesota) |
| 释义 |
| name = St. Francis River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | image = Saint Francis River Minnesota.jpg | image_caption = The St. Francis River in the Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge in 2007 | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = United States | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = Minnesota | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length = {{convert|79|mi|km|abbr=on}}[1] | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = | source1 = | source1_location = Alberta Township, Benton County | source1_coordinates= {{coord|45|48|29|N|93|53|31|W|display=inline}}[2] | source1_elevation = {{convert|1247|ft|abbr=on}}[3] | mouth = Elk River | mouth_location = Big Lake Township, Sherburne County | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|45|21|33|N|93|44|14|W|display=inline,title}}[2] | mouth_elevation = {{convert|912|ft|abbr=on}}[3] | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} The Saint Francis River is a {{convert|79.0|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}} tributary of the Elk River in east-central Minnesota in the United States.[1] Via the Elk River, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River, draining an area historically characterized by mixed hardwood and coniferous forests on flat to rolling till plains.[4] The St. Francis River rises in Alberta Township in northeastern Benton County, and flows generally southwardly through eastern Benton County, passing to the east of Foley and collecting a minor tributary known as the West Branch St. Francis River.[5] The river turns eastward in northern Sherburne County, and flows south- and southwestwardly through the Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge and Sand Dunes State Forest. It joins the Elk River in Big Lake Township in southern Sherburne County, approximately one mile (2 km) north of the city of Big Lake.[6] Canoeing is possible on some stretches of the river during periods of high water.[7] History and preservationHumans have lived in the St. Francis River valley for over 10,000 years; Native American village sites in the Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge date back to 1300 A.D. More recently the area was settled in the 1870s under the Homestead Act.[8] Historically, the St. Francis River basin was known as one of the finest wildlife areas in the state, with large numbers of ducks, muskrats, beavers and mink supported by small lakes and marshes near the river which were abundant with wild rice and other wetland plants. The surrounding upland was primarily oak savanna which provided habitat for elk, bison, and gray wolves. By the mid-twentieth century, several developments had severely reduced the value of wildlife habitat in the basin. Wetlands were drained by a ditch system, built in the 1920s to increase agricultural area. In the early 1940s lakes and streams in the basin were invaded by carp, the feeding activities of which resulted in the uprooting of submerged vegetation important to aquatic wildlife. In addition, the native oak savanna upland habitat was converted to agriculture or home sites through logging and plowing. Protection from fire allowed the oak savanna to convert to dense woodlands. The Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1965 as an attempt to restore the native wildlife habitat of the St. Francis River's watershed, with land purchased using duck stamp funds.[8] {{USGovernment|sourceURL=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121110154843/http://www.fws.gov/midwest/sherburne/HISTORY.HTM Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge: History]}} See also
References1. ^1 U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed November 29, 2012 2. ^1 {{cite web |url={{Gnis3|650587}} |title=Geographic Names Information System entry for Saint Francis River (Feature ID #650587) |publisher=Geographic Names Information System |accessdate=2007-06-08}} 3. ^1 Google Earth elevation for GNIS coordinates. Retrieved on 2007-06-08. 4. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/basins/uppermiss/index.html |title= Upper Mississippi River Basin. |pages= Upper Mississippi River Basin Water Quality Plan Summary, Headwaters to the Rum River at Anoka |publisher= Minnesota Pollution Control Agency |date= January 2004 |accessdate= 2007-06-08 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070618074943/http://www.pca.state.mn.us/water/basins/uppermiss/index.html |archivedate= 2007-06-18 |df= }} 5. ^{{cite web |url={{Gnis3|653938}} |title=Geographic Names Information System entry for West Branch Saint Francis River (Feature ID #653938) |publisher=Geographic Names Information System |accessdate=2007-06-08}} 6. ^{{cite book| title= Minnesota Atlas & Gazetteer |year=1994 |publisher= DeLorme |location=Yarmouth, Me. |isbn= 0-89933-222-6 |pages= 28–29}} 7. ^{{cite book| last= Waters |first= Thomas F. | title= The Streams and Rivers of Minnesota |year= 2006 |publisher= University of Minnesota Press |location=Minneapolis |isbn= 0-8166-0960-8 |pages= 195–215 |chapter= The Mississippi: I. The North Woods}} 8. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://www.fws.gov/midwest/sherburne/HISTORY.HTM |title= Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20121110154843/http://www.fws.gov/midwest/sherburne/HISTORY.HTM |archivedate= 2012-11-10 |publisher= United States Fish and Wildlife Service |accessdate= 2007-06-08}} 4 : Rivers of Minnesota|Rivers of Benton County, Minnesota|Rivers of Sherburne County, Minnesota|Tributaries of the Mississippi River |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。