| 词条 | StG 45(M) |
| 释义 |
|name=Sturmgewehr 45 | image= Sturmgewehr 45 reproduction.png | image_size = 300 |caption=The Sturmgewehr 45 with a 30-round magazine inserted |origin=Nazi Germany |type=Assault rifle |is_ranged=Yes |service=May 1945{{Citation needed|date=February 2015}} |used_by=Germany |wars=World War II |designer=Wilhelm Stähle |design_date=1944 |manufacturer=Mauser[1] |production_date=1945[1] |number=30{{Citation needed|date=February 2015}} |variants= |weight={{convert|4|kg|lb|1|abbr=on}} (with empty magazine)[1] |length={{convert|900|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}[1] |part_length={{convert|400|mm|in|abbr=on}}[1] |width= |height= |diameter= |cartridge=7.92×33mm Kurz (Pistolenpatrone 7.9mm M43)[1] |action=Roller-delayed blowback[1] |rate=≈450 rounds/min[1] |velocity=≈{{convert|650|m/s|0|abbr=on}}[1] |range=300 m |max_range=800 m[1] |feed=10 or 30-round detachable box magazine |sights=Rear: V-notch; front: hooded post }} The StG 45(M) (abbreviation of Sturmgewehr 45, "assault rifle 45") sometimes referred to as the MP 45(M), was a prototype assault rifle developed by Mauser for the Wehrmacht at the end of World War II, using an innovative roller-delayed blowback operating system. It fired the 7.92×33mm Kurz (or "Pistolenpatrone 7.9mm") intermediate cartridge at a cyclic rate of around 450 rounds per minute. OverviewThe origin of this rifle can be traced back to the final years of World War II when Mauser engineers at the Light Weapon Development Group (Abteilung 37) at Oberndorf am Neckar designed the MKb Gerät 06 (Maschinenkarabiner Gerät 06 or "machine carbine instrument 06") prototype assault rifle chambered for the intermediate 7.92×33mm Kurz cartridge, first with the Gerät 06 model using a roller-locked mechanism which was unique for being gas operated, as opposed to recoil operation, originally adapted from the MG 42 machine gun, but with a fixed barrel and conventional gas-actuated piston rod.[2] Dr. Karl Maier, one of Mauser's scientists at the time,[3] realized that with careful attention to the mechanical ratios, the gas system could be omitted.[4] The resultant weapon, the Gerät 06H (the "H" suffix is an abbreviation for halbverriegelt or "half-locked") was assigned the designation StG 45(M) (Sturmgewehr 45(M)). Though appearing simple, developing the roller-delayed blowback firearm action was a hard technical and personal effort, as German engineering, mathematical and other scientists had to work together on a like-it-or-not basis led by Ott-Helmuth von Lossnitzer, the director of Mauser Werke's Weapons Research Institute and Weapons Development Group. Experiments showed roller-delayed blowback firearms exhibited bolt-bounce. To counter bolt- bounce the perfect angle choice on the nose of the bolt head had to be found. Mathematician Dr. Karl Maier provided analysis of the components, assemblies in the development project. In December 1943 Maier came up with an equation that engineers used to change the angles in the receiver to 45° and 27° on the locking piece relative to the longitudinal axis solving the bolt-bounce problem. With these angles the geometrical transmission ratio of the boltcarrier to the bolthead became 3:1, so the rear boltcarrier was forced to move 3 times faster than the bolthead. The rearward forces on the boltcarrier and receiver were 2:1. The force and impulse transmitted to the receiver increases with the force and impulse transmitted to the boltcarrier. Making the boltcarrier heavier lessens the recoil velocity. For Mausers Gerät 06H/StG 45(M) project Maier assumed a 120 g bolthead and 360 g boltcarrier (1 to 3 ratio). However, the design required that the bolt started moving while the bullet was still in the barrel and the spent case fully pressurized. Using traditionally cut chambers resulted in separated cartridge case heads during testing. This problem was solved by cutting 18 longitudinal gas relief flutes in the chamber. Fluting the end of the chamber allowed combustion gasses to float the neck and front of the cartridge case providing pressure equalization between the front outer surface of the cartridge case and its interior. During the process, the front cartridge case would typically show blackened, longitudinal scorch marks around the diameter of the case which was characteristic for later roller-delayed blowback-operated small arms, which also used the fluted chamber principle. The roller-delayed blowback firearm action was patented by Mausers Wilhelm Stähle and Ludwig Vorgrimler. The StG 45(M) was intended to replace the Sturmgewehr 44 assault rifle, because the latter was rather expensive and time-consuming to produce. Compared to the StG44's cost of 70 Reichsmarks, the StG45(M)'s calculated cost was 45 Reichsmarks. Parts for only 30 complete rifles were produced before the war ended. The StG 45(M) had an elevated iron sights line over the bore axis in part to optimize the maximum point-blank range of the compared to full-power rifle cartridges modest external ballistic performance of the 7.92×33mm Kurz cartridge, ergonomics and recoil management. While the StG45(M) was intended to use the same 30-round magazine as its predecessor, the rifle is commonly pictured with the 10-round magazine designed for the Volkssturmgewehr. The shorter magazine was used by Mauser engineers during testing, as its lower profile was easier to use when test-firing at the Mauser facility range. Post–World War II developmentsThe German technicians involved in developing the Sturmgewehr 45 continued their research in France at CEAM. The StG45 mechanism was modified by Ludwig Vorgrimler and Theodor Löffler at the Mulhouse facility between 1946 and 1949. Three versions were made, chambered in .30 Carbine, 7.92×33mm Kurz as well as the 7.65×35mm cartridge developed by Cartoucherie de Valence and adopted in 1948. A 7.5×38mm cartridge using a partial aluminium bullet was abandoned in 1947. Löffler's design, designated the Carabine Mitrailleuse Modèle 1950, was retained for trials among 12 different prototypes designed by CEAM, MAC, and MAS. Vorgrimler later went to work at CETME in Spain and developed the line of CETME automatic rifles. Germany eventually purchased the licence for the CETME design and manufactured the Heckler & Koch G3 as well as an entire line of weapons built on the same system, one of the most famous being the MP5. A few other post–World War II weapons used the roller-delayed locking system, such as the SIG SG 510. See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite book |last= Götz|first= Hans Dieter|date= 1990|title= German Military Rifles and Machine Pistols|url= |location= Atglen, Pennsylvania, United States of America|publisher= Schiffer Publishing|page= 220|isbn= 978-0-88740-264-7|author-link= }} * Feldgrau.com—German weapons of World War II2. ^Senich, Peter: The German Assault Rifle: 1935–1945, page 153. Paladin Press, 1987. 3. ^{{Citation|last=Forgotten Weapons|title=Last Ditch Innovation: The Development of the Gerat 06 and Gerat 06H Rifles|date=2012-11-19|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=WEPwmYcCPFs|accessdate=2017-11-13}} 4. ^Senich, 158 External links{{Commons|StG 45(M)|Sturmgewehr 45}}
6 : 7.92×33mm Kurz assault rifles|Firearms by Hugo Schmeisser|Research and development in Nazi Germany|Roller-delayed blowback firearms|World War II assault rifles|World War II infantry weapons of Germany |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。