| 词条 | Expressive therapies |
| 释义 |
The expressive psychotherapies are the use of the creative arts as a form of therapy, including the distinct disciplines expressive arts therapy and the creative arts therapies (art therapy, dance/movement therapy, drama therapy, music therapy, poetry therapy, and psychodrama). Unlike traditional art expression, the process of creation is emphasized rather than the final product. The expressive therapies are based on the assumption that people can heal through the various forms of creative expression. Expressive therapists share the belief that through creative expression and the tapping of the imagination, people can examine their body, feelings, emotions, and thought process. Definition and credentialingExpressive arts therapy is the practice of using imagery, storytelling, dance, music, drama, poetry, movement, horticulture, dreamwork, and visual arts together, in an integrated way, to foster human growth, development, and healing.[1] Expressive arts therapy is its own distinct therapeutic discipline, an inter-modal discipline where the therapist and client move freely between drawing, dancing, music, drama, and poetry.[2] According to the National Organization for Arts in Health (NOAH), what distinguishes the six creative arts therapies — art, dance/movement, drama, music and poetry therapy as well as psychodrama—from expressive arts therapy is that expressive arts therapy interventions are designed to include more than one of the "expressive" art forms[3] (art, dance, drama, music, poetry), whereas creative arts therapists, such as art, dance/movement, drama, music, poetry and psychodrama therapists, are often intensively trained and educated to use only one modality in their practice.[4]{{rp|6–7}} But NOAH also acknowledged that the terms "are often used interchangeably in the field", and that in any case all such professionals should collaborate closely.[4]{{rp|10,18,22}} The International Association of Expressive Arts Therapy (IAEAT) is the responsible organization handling the credentialing of expressive arts therapists.[5] The National Coalition of Creative Arts Therapies Association (NCCATA) connects all six modalities of the creative arts therapies. However, each modality of the creative arts therapies has its own national association that regulates professional credentials, establishes educational standards and hosts annual conferences for the purpose of exchanging new ideas and research.[6] EducationEach national association of the different modalities of expressive therapies sets its own educational standards. In the United States, there are a fair number of colleges that offer approved programs in compliance with the national associations' credentialing requirements. There are 37 universities for music therapy,[8] 34 universities for art therapy,[7] seven universities for dance/movement therapy,[8] and five universities for drama therapy,[9] as well as 5 universities for expressive arts therapy,[10] that have approved master's degree programs in the United States. In addition, the American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) has 75 undergraduate music therapy programs approved.[11] Once finished with an academic degree, potential therapists have to apply for credentialing at the responsible national association. Creative arts therapies modalitiesThere are six creative arts therapy modalities, recognized by the NCCATA, including art therapy, dance therapy, drama therapy, music therapy, poetry therapy and psychodrama.[6] Art therapyArt therapy combines psychotherapy and visual art. The creative process as well as the created art piece serves as a foundation for self-exploration, understanding, acceptance and eventually healing and personal growth. The creative act in therapy therefore can be seen as a means of re-experiencing inner conflict connected to resolution.[12]Dance/movement therapyLike other creative arts therapy modalities, dance/movement therapy is based on the assumption that "mind, body and spirit are inseparable and interconnected" (ADTA).[13] Movement is the primary tool of intervention in a therapy session, but dance/movement therapy also uses the art of play in therapy. Like other creative art therapies it uses primarily nonverbal communication.[13] Drama therapyDrama therapy refers to the combination of the two disciplines drama/theatre and psychotherapy.[14] Drama Therapy, as a hybrid of both disciplines, uses theater techniques to treat individuals with mental health, cognitive, and developmental disorders.[15] Through the art of play and pretend, patients gain perspective in therapy to their life experiences, which in the field is referred to as "aesthetic distance".[16]Music therapyMusic therapy is the use of music and music-making in a psychotherapeutic relationship, making it a musical therapeutic relationship. At its core, music therapy uses music as a symbolic representation and expression of the psychological world of the individual.[17] Music therapy helps patients "communicate, process difficult experiences, and improve motor or cognitive functioning" (Jenni Rook, MT-BC, LCPC, 2016).[18]Poetry therapyPoetry therapy (also referred to as bibliotherapy) stands out from other creative arts therapies, which are all based on the assumption of the existence of a language that functions without words. Poetry therapy, however, is the use of the written word to bring healing and personal growth.[19]PsychodramaPsychodrama is a distinct form of psychotherapy developed by Jacob L. Moreno in the early 20th century. Moreno, a trained psychoanalyst himself, had the goal of creating a more effective, action-based form of psychoanalysis as developed by Sigmund Freud and C.G. Jung. He developed a clear three phase structure (warm up, action, sharing) to his therapy as well as multiple intervention-methods that are still used by psychodrama therapists today.[20]Although related, psychodrama and drama therapy describe different modalities within the field of creative arts therapies.[21] Whereas psychodrama uses real-life experience of the patients in therapy to "practice new and more effective roles and behaviors" (ASGPP),[20] drama therapy lets the patients explore more fictional stories, such as improvised scenes, myths or fairy tales. See also
References1. ^Appalachian Expressive Arts Collective, 2003, Expressive Arts Therapy: Creative Process in Art and Life. Boone, North Carolina: Parkway Publishers. p. 3. 2. ^{{cite book|title=Expressive Therapies|author=Malchiodi, Cathy A.|date=2003|location=New York|publisher=Guilford Press |isbn=1-59385-379-3}} 3. ^{{cite web |title=What is the difference between art therapy, music therapy, dance/movement therapy, poetry therapy, and expressive arts therapy? |url=https://www.ieata.org/faq |website=Ieata.org |publisher=IEATA |accessdate=24 August 2018}} 4. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://thenoah.net/about/arts-health-and-well-being-in-america-a-white-paper/|title=Arts, health and well-being in America|year=2017|website=Thenoah.net|publisher=National Organization of Arts in Health (NOAH)|access-date=2018-08-10}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.ieata.org/what-is-reat|title=REAT Registered Expressive Arts Therapist|website=Ieata.org|language=en|access-date=2018-08-17}} 6. ^1 {{Cite web |url=http://www.nccata.org/aboutnccata |title=About NCCATA |website=Nccata.org |publisher=National Coalition of Creative Arts Therapies |access-date=2018-08-17}} 7. ^{{Cite news|url=https://arttherapy.org/art-therapy-masters-education/|title=Art Therapy Master's Education – American Art Therapy Association|work=American Art Therapy Association|access-date=2018-08-16|language=en-US}} 8. ^{{Cite news|url=https://adta.org/approved-graduate-programs/|title=Approved Graduate Programs {{!}} ADTA|last=|first=|date=|work=ADTA|access-date=2018-08-16|language=en-US}} 9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.nadta.org/education-and-credentialing/resources-for-students-and-bcts/accredited-schools.html|title=Accredited Schools|website=Nadta.org|access-date=2018-08-16}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ieata.org/resouces-ma|title=Master Degree in Expressive Arts Therapy|website=Ieata.org|accessdate=15 November 2018}} 11. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://netforum.avectra.com/eweb/DynamicPage.aspx?Site=AMTA2&WebCode=OrgResult&FromSearchControl=Yes|title=Organization Directory Search Results|website=Netforum.avectra.com|access-date=2018-08-16}} 12. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54881831|title=The arts therapies : a revolution in healthcare|last=Jones|first=Phil|date=2005|publisher=Brunner-Routledge|year=|isbn=1583918132|location=Hove, East Sussex [England]|pages=24|oclc=54881831}} 13. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://adta.org/2014/11/08/what-is-dancemovement-therapy/|title=What is Dance/Movement Therapy?|date=2014-11-08|publisher=ADTA|access-date=2018-08-22|language=en-US}} 14. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32969359|title=Essays in drama therapy : the double life|last=J.|first=Landy, Robert|date=1996|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|year=|isbn=1853023221|location=London|pages=1–4|oclc=32969359}} 15. ^{{Cite web|url=https://steinhardt.nyu.edu/music/dramatherapy/masters|title=MA in Drama Therapy – Drama Therapy – NYU Steinhardt|website=Steinhardt.nyu.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-08-22}} 16. ^{{Cite journal|last=Landy|first=Robert J.|date=1983-09-01|title=The use of distancing in drama therapy|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0197455683900060|journal=The Arts in Psychotherapy|volume=10|issue=3|pages=175–185|doi=10.1016/0197-4556(83)90006-0|issn=0197-4556|via=}} 17. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55091497|title=A comprehensive guide to music therapy : theory, clinical practice, research, and training|last=Tony|first=Wigram|date=2002|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|others=Pedersen, Inge Nygaard., Bonde, Lars Ole.|year=|isbn=1417505249|location=London|pages=11; 35–36|oclc=55091497}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.anxiety.org/music-therapy-stress-reducing-playlist|title=6 Ways Music Eases Anxiety|website=Anxiety.org|accessdate=15 November 2018}} 19. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.socialworker.com/feature-articles/practice/Poetry_Therapy:_Using_Words_to_Heal/|title=Poetry Therapy: Using Words to Heal|last=Blank|first=Barbara Trainin|date=2013-12-12|work=SocialWorker.com|access-date=2018-08-22|language=en-us}} 20. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.asgpp.org/pdf/What%20is%20PD,%20etc.pdf|title=What is Psychodrama|last=|first=|date=|website=Asgpp.org|publisher=American Society of Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 21. ^{{Cite journal|last=Kedem-Tahar|first=Efrat|last2=Felix-Kellermann|first2=Peter|date=|year=1996|title=Psychodrama and drama therapy: A comparison|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0197455695000593|journal=The Arts in Psychotherapy|volume=23|issue=1|pages=27–36|doi=10.1016/0197-4556(95)00059-3|issn=0197-4556|via=}} External links
6 : Art therapy|Creative arts therapies|Dance therapy|Music therapy|Drama therapy|Psychodrama |
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