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词条 Stinson L-1 Vigilant
释义

  1. Design and development

  2. Operational history

  3. Variants

  4. Operators

  5. Surviving aircraft

  6. Specifications (L-1A)

  7. See also

  8. References

     Notes  Bibliography 

  9. External links

name = L-1 (O-49) Vigilantimage =File:Vultee L-1A Vigilant USAF.jpgcaption =

}}{{Infobox aircraft type

type = Light Observation, Liaisonmanufacturer = Stinson Aircraft Corporationdate=March 2016}}first flight = 15 July 1940introduced = 1941retired =produced =number built = 324status =unit cost =primary user = United States Army Air Corpsmore users = Royal Air Forcedeveloped from =variants with their own articles =
}}

The Stinson L-1 Vigilant (company designation Model 74) was a 1940s American light observation aircraft built by the Stinson Aircraft Company at Wayne, Michigan (by November 1940 a division of Vultee Aircraft Corporation).[1] The aircraft was operated by the United States Army Air Corps as the O-49 until 1942.

Design and development

The Vigilant was designed in response to a 1938 United States Army Air Corps design competition for a two-seat light observation aircraft. When the German-manufactured Fieseler Storch was demonstrated at the Cleveland Air Races, the Air Corps revised its specifications in an attempt to match the performance of the Storch. Stinson (later a division of Vultee), won the $1.5 million contract over 11 competitors, including the Bellanca YO-50 and Ryan YO-51 Dragonfly.[2]

The Model 74 was a single radial engined high-wing monoplane with trailing-edge high-lift devices for low speed and high lift performance. The prototype aircraft was built full-span leading-edge automatic slots manufactured by Handley Page, and slotted flaps. The Model V-74 was given the Army designation YO-49 for evaluation, with the first flight by test pilot Al Schramm on 15 July 1940.[2]

The aircraft was built of steel tubing and fabric, with the fuselage forward of the wing enclosed in sheet metal. Control surfaces and the empennage were fabric-covered stainless steel. The Lycoming power plant was hand-cranked inertia starting, and was fitted with a Hamilton Standard constant speed propeller. At least 12 ambulance conversions were fitted with Edo 49-4000 pontoons (4,000-pound displacement)[3] for amphibious landings and takeoffs.[2]

The Vigilant was capable of stopping in less than its own length, and could maintain stable flight at 31 miles per hour. Anecdotally, the Vigilant was said to be capable of backwards flight in a strong headwind.[2]

Operational history

The Stinson Vigilant was used in diverse roles such as towing training gliders, artillery spotting, liaison, emergency rescue, transporting supplies and special espionage flights.[4] Another contract was later awarded for the O-49A which had a slightly longer fuselage and other equipment changes. In April 1942 the aircraft were redesignated the L-1 and L-1A (liaison).

Up to 17 L-1 and 96 L-1A aircraft were allocated to the British Royal Air Force under the Lend-Lease Act, with varying numbers given for aircraft actually delivered (see Variants, below). The RAF designated the aircraft the Vigilant Mk I and Vigilant Mk II respectively. General Harry Crerar, Commander of the First Canadian Army in Europe during World War II, maintained a Vigilant for his personal use.

Aircraft were modified for a variety of roles including as an ambulance aircraft. No further production orders were placed as the aircraft was superseded by procurement of vast numbers of the L-5 Sentinel and L-4 Grasshopper "puddle-jumper" aircraft.

A Vigilant was modified in 1943–1944 for experiments in boundary layer control.[5]

Variants

Stinson Model 74
company designation
O-49 Vigilant
U.S. Army designation for first production batch, 142 built.[3]
L-1 Vigilant
1942 redesignation of O-49.[3]
O-49A Vigilant
Fuselage lengthened {{convert|13|in|cm|abbr=on}}[6] 182 built.
O-49B Vigilant
Conversion to ambulance variant, three or four[7] converted.
L-1A Vigilant
1942 redesignation of O-49A.[3]
L-1B Vigilant
1942 redesignation of O-49B.[3]
L-1C Vigilant
L-1A ambulance variant, 113 converted.[7]
L-1D Vigilant
L-1A training glider tug, 14 to 21[7] converted.
L-1E Vigilant
L-1 amphibious ambulance variant, seven converted.[3]
L-1F Vigilant
L-1A amphibious ambulance variant, five conversions.[3]
Vigilant Mk I
RAF designation of L-1, 14[7] to 17 allocated by Lend Lease
Vigilant Mk II
RAF designation of L-1A, 96 allocated, circa 13 to 54[7] delivered
CQ-2 Vigilant
US Navy conversion of L-1A to target control aircraft, one or more[7] converted

Operators

{{UK}}
  • Royal Air Force
{{USA}}
  • United States Army Air Corps

Surviving aircraft

Five examples of the Stinson L-1 Vigilant currently survive in museums in the United States.[8]

  • 40-283 – L-1 under restoration by G & P.M. Turner in London.[9]
  • 40-3102 – L-1E on display at the Fantasy of Flight in Polk City, Florida.[10][11] This aircraft flew for the first time after restoration on 18 July 2013.[12]
  • 40-3141 – L-1 on display at the United States Army Aviation Museum at Fort Rucker, Alabama.[13][9]
  • 41-18915 – L-1F on display at the Alaska Aviation Heritage Museum in Anchorage, Alaska.[14][15]
  • 41-19031 – L-1 owned by James P. Harker of Blaine, Minnesota.[16] One of several airframes purchased by the Fantasy of Flight for their restoration of 40-3102 and sold afterwards to C&P Aviation Blaine, MN.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}[17]
  • 40-291[9] or 41-19039 – L-1A on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio.[18]

Specifications (L-1A)

{{aircraft specifications
|plane or copter?=plane
|jet or prop?=prop
|ref=American Warplanes of World War II[19]
|crew=3
|length main= 34 ft 3 in
|length alt= 10.44 m
|span main= 50 ft 11 in
|span alt= 15.52 m
|height main= 10 ft 2in
|height alt= 3.10 m
|area main= 329 ft²
|area alt= 30.6 m²
|empty weight main= 2,670 lb
|empty weight alt= 1,211 kg
|loaded weight main=
|loaded weight alt=
|max takeoff weight main= 3,400 lb
|max takeoff weight alt= 1,542 kg
|engine (prop)= Lycoming R-680-9
|type of prop= radial piston engine
|number of props=1
|power main= 295 hp
|power alt= 220 kW
|max speed main= 106 knots
|max speed alt= 122 mph, 196 km/h
|range main= 243 nm
|range alt= 280 mi, 451 km
|ceiling main= 12,800 ft
|ceiling alt= 3,900 m
|climb rate main= 408 ft/min
|climb rate alt= 124.36 m/min
|loading main=10.3 lb/ft²
|loading alt=50.4 kg/m²
|power/mass main=0.0867 hp/lb
|power/mass alt=0.143 kW/kg
|armament=
}}

See also

{{aircontent
|related=
|similar aircraft=
  • Auster
  • Bellanca YO-50
  • Miles Messenger
  • Ryan YO-51 Dragonfly
  • Westland Lysander

|lists=
  • List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force
  • List of aircraft of World War II
  • List of military aircraft of the United States

|see also=
}}

References

Notes

1. ^Eden and Moeng 2002, p. 1100.
2. ^1 2 3 Merriam 2002, p. 26.
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Merriam 2002, p. 27.
4. ^Adcock 2005, p. 7.
5. ^"Money-box Slottery." Flight, 4 August 1949, p. 124.
6. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20130801015456/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=473 "Vultee L-1A Vigilant."] National Museum of the United States Air Force, 17 April 2009.
7. ^1 2 3 4 5 "Stinson O-49." Aerofiles, 17 April 2009.
8. ^Ogden 2007, p. 604
9. ^1 2 {{cite web|last1=Goodall|first1=Geoff|title=STINSON O-49/L-1 VIGILANT|url=http://www.goodall.com.au/warbirds-directory-v6/stinson.pdf|website=Geoff Goodall's Aviation History Site|publisher=Geoffrey Goodall|date=6 September 2015}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=1941 Stinson Vultee L-1E|url=http://www.fantasyofflight.com/collection/aircraft/golden-age/1941-stinson-vultee-l-1e|website=Fantasy of Flight|publisher=Fantasy of Flight|accessdate=13 August 2016}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=Airframe Dossier – Stinson L-1 Vigilant, s/n 40-3102 USAAF, c/r N63230|url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=13830|website=Aerial Visuals|publisher=AerialVisuals.ca|accessdate=13 August 2016}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=Fantasy of Flight’s Stinson L-1 Flew Today!|url=http://www.warbirdsnews.com/warbird-restorations/fantasy-flights-stinson-l-1-flew-today.html|website=Warbirds News|publisher=Warbirds News|accessdate=13 August 2016}}
13. ^{{cite web|last1=Baugher|first1=Joe|title=1940 USAAC Serial Numbers|url=http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1940.html|accessdate=13 August 2016}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=1941 STINSON L-1|url=http://www.alaskaairmuseum.org/explore/exhibits/1941-stinson-l-1|website=Alaska Aviation Museum|publisher=Alaska Aviation Museuma|accessdate=13 August 2016}}
15. ^{{cite web|title=Airframe Dossier – Stinson L-1F Vigilant, s/n 41-18915, c/r N1ZS|url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=13731|website=Aerial Visuals|publisher=AerialVisuals.ca|accessdate=13 August 2016}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Airframe Dossier – Stinson L-1 Vigilant, s/n 41-19031 USAAF, c/r N1377B|url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=14684|website=Aerial Visuals|publisher=AerialVisuals.ca|accessdate=13 August 2016}}
17. ^page 55; Sport Aviation magazine; Vol.66 No.4 April 2017
18. ^{{cite web|title=Vultee L-1A Vigilant|url=http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/MuseumExhibits/FactSheets/Display/tabid/509/Article/196311/vultee-l-1a-vigilant.aspx|website=National Museum of the US Air Force|accessdate=13 August 2016}}
19. ^Donald 1995, p. 236.

Bibliography

{{Refbegin}}
  • Adcock, Al. US Liaison Aircraft in action (Aircraft in Action: No. 195). Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 2005. {{ISBN|978-0897474870}}.
  • Donald, David (ed.). American Warplanes of World War II. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1995. {{ISBN|1-874023-72-7}}.
  • Eden, Paul and Soph Moeng (eds.). The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2002. {{ISBN|0-7607-3432-1}}
  • Merriam, Ray (ed.). World War II Journal #15: U.S. Military Aircraft of World War II. Bennington, Vermont, USA: Merriam Press, 2002. {{ISBN|1-57638-167-6}}.
  • Ogden, Bob. Aviation Museums and Collections of North America. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians ) Ltd, 2007. {{ISBN|0-85130-385-4}}.
  • The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985). London: Orbis Publishing, 1985.
{{Refend}}

External links

{{commons category|Stinson L-1 Vigilant}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20130801015456/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=473 Vultee L-1A Vigilant, National Museum of the United States Air Force]
  • Stinson O-49 on aerofiles
{{Stinson aircraft}}{{Vultee aircraft}}{{AircraftDesignationNavboxShell|{{USAF liaison aircraft}}{{USAAF observation aircraft}}{{USAAF drones}}
}}

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