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词条 Extremes on Earth
释义

  1. Extreme global temperatures

  2. Extreme elevations and air temperatures per continent

  3. Coldest and hottest inhabited places on Earth

  4. Extreme ground temperatures

  5. Greatest vertical drop

  6. Subterranean

  7. Greatest oceanic depths

  8. Deepest ice

  9. Northern and southernmost points of land on Earth

  10. See also

  11. References

  12. External links

{{redirect|Highest|highest places|Lists of highest points|high|high (disambiguation)}}{{Further|World record|Lists of extreme points|Extreme points of Earth}}

This article describes extreme locations on Earth. Entries listed in bold are Earth-wide extremes.

Extreme global temperatures

Extreme elevations and air temperatures per continent

{{Further|List of elevation extremes by region|List of weather records}}
ContinentElevation (height above/below sea level){{Ref|A|A}}Air Temperature (recorded)[2]{{Ref|B|B}}
Highest Lowest Highest Lowest
Africa {{convert|5893|m|abbr=in|0}}
Kilimanjaro, Tanzania[3]		{{convert|−155|m|abbr=in|0}}
Lake Assal, Djibouti[4]		{{convert|55|C}}
Kebili, Tunisia
7 July 1931{{Ref|C|C}}		{{convert|-23.9|C}}
Ifrane, Morocco
11 February 1935
Antarctica {{convert|4892|m|abbr=in|0}}
Vinson Massif[5]		{{convert|-50|m|abbr=in|0}}[6]
Deep Lake, Vestfold Hills
(compare the deepest ice section below)		{{convert|17.5|C}}
Esperanza Base
24 March 2015		{{convert|−89.2|C}}
Vostok Station
21 July 1983
Asia{{convert|8848|m|abbr=in|0}}
Mount Everest, China-Nepal Border [7]		{{convert|−424|m|abbr=in|0}}
Dead Sea, Israel-Jordan-Palestine[8]		{{convert|54|C}}
Tirat Zvi, Israel (then in the British Mandate of Palestine)
21 June 1942		{{convert|−67.7|C}} Measured
Oymyakon, Siberia, Soviet Union
6 February 1933[9][10]
{{convert|54|C}}
Ahvaz Airport, Iran
29 June 2017[11]		{{convert|−71.2|C}} Extrapolated
Oymyakon, Siberia, Soviet Union
26 January 1926[12]
Europe {{convert|5642|m|abbr=in|0}}
Mount Elbrus, Russian Federation[13]		{{convert|−28|m|abbr=in|0}}
Caspian Sea shore, Russian Federation[14]		{{convert|48.0|C}}
Athens, Greece
(and Elefsina, Greece)
10 July 1977 {{Ref|E|E}}		{{convert|−58.1|C}}
Ust-Shchuger, Soviet Union
31 December 1978
North America{{convert|6190.5|m|abbr=in|0}}
Denali (Mount McKinley), Alaska, United States[15]		{{convert|−85|m|abbr=in}}
Badwater Basin, California, United States[16]		{{convert|134|F|1|order=flip}}
Greenland Ranch (Furnace Creek), California, United States
10 July 1913{{Ref|C|C}}		{{convert|−66.1|C}}
North Ice, Greenland
9 January 1954
Oceania {{convert|4884|m|abbr=in|0}}
Puncak Jaya (Carstensz Pyramid), Indonesia
(compare Mount Wilhelm, Mount Cook and Mount Kosciuszko)[17]		{{convert|−15|m|abbr=in|0}}
Lake Eyre, South Australia, Australia[18]		{{convert|50.7|C}}
Oodnadatta, South Australia, Australia
2 January 1960		{{convert|−23|C}}
Charlotte Pass, New South Wales, Australia
29 June 1994{{Ref|H|H}}
South America {{convert|6962|m|abbr=in|0}}
Aconcagua, Mendoza, Argentina[19]		{{convert|−105|m|abbr=in|0}}
Laguna del Carbón, Argentina[20]		{{convert|48.9|C}}
Rivadavia, Salta Province, Argentina
11 December 1905		{{convert|−37.0|C}}
Coyhaique Alto, Coyhaique Aysén Region, Chile
June 2002

A.{{Note|A}} Height above sea level is the usual choice of definition for elevation. In terms of the point farthest away from the centre of the Earth, Chimborazo in Ecuador ({{convert|6267|m|abbr=in|0}}) can be considered the planet's most extreme high point. This is due to the Earth's oblate spheroid shape, with points near the Equator being farther out from the centre than those at the poles.

B.{{Note|B}} All temperatures from the World Meteorological Organization unless noted.

C.{{Note|C}} The former record of {{Convert|57.7|C}} recorded at Al 'Aziziyah, Libya on 13 September 1922 was ruled no longer valid by the WMO due to mistakes made in the recording process.[21] The 1913 reading is, however, itself controversial, and a measurement of {{Convert|54.0|C}} at Furnace Creek on 30 June 2013 is undisputed, especially since the same or almost the same temperature has been recorded several times in the 21st century in the same and other places.

E.{{Note|E}} Temperatures greater than {{convert|50|C}} in Spain and Portugal were recorded in 1881, but the standard with which they were measured and the accuracy of the thermometers used are unknown; therefore, they are not considered official. Unconfirmed reports also indicate that a set of Spanish stations may have hit {{convert|48.0|C}} during the 2003 heat wave.[22]

F.{{Note|F}} A temperature of {{Convert|−66.1|C}} was recorded at North Ice, Greenland on 9 January 1954. However due to unknown recording conditions it is not considered official.[23]

G.{{Note|G}} A temperature of {{convert|53.1|C}} was recorded in Cloncurry, Queensland on 16 January 1889 under non-standard exposure conditions and is therefore not considered official.[24]

H.{{Note|H}} A temperature of {{Convert|−25.6|C}} is reported for Ranfurly, New Zealand having occurred on 18 July 1903. However, it is not listed by the WMO.[25]

Coldest and hottest inhabited places on Earth

Hottest inhabited place 34.4|C}}.[26] The average daily maximum temperature during the same period was {{convert|41.1|C}}.[27]
Coldest inhabited place-47|C|F}} the average temperature in January, the coldest month.[28] Eureka, Nunavut, Canada has the lowest annual mean temperature at {{convert|-19.7|C}}.[29]
The South Pole and some other places in Antarctica are colder and are populated year-round, but almost everyone stays less than a year and could be considered visitors, not inhabitants.

Extreme ground temperatures

Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by 30 to 50 °C.[30] A ground temperature of 84 °C (183.2 °F) has been recorded in Port Sudan, Sudan.[31] A ground temperature of 93.9 °C (201 °F) was recorded in Furnace Creek, Death Valley, California, United States on 15 July 1972; this may be the highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded.[32] The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between 90 and 100 °C for dry, darkish soils of low thermal conductivity.[33]

Satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009, taken with the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite, found a maximum temperature of 70.7 °C (159.3 °F), which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert, Iran. The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in 5 of the 7 years measured (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009). These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature.[30]

Satellite measurements of the surface temperature of Antarctica, taken between 1982 and 2013, found a coldest temperature of −93.2 °C (−136 °F) on 10 August 2010, at {{Coord|81.8|S|59.3|E}}. Although this is not comparable to an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperature at this location would have been lower than the official record lowest air temperature of −89.2 °C.[34][35]

Greatest vertical drop

Greatest purely vertical drop 1250|m|abbr=on|0}}
Mount Thor, Auyuittuq National Park, Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada (summit elevation {{convert|1675|m|abbr=on|0}})[36][37]
Greatest nearly vertical drop 1340|m|abbr=on|0}}
Trango Towers, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan (summit elevation {{convert|6286|m|abbr=on|0}})

Subterranean

{{Further|Mining#Records|List of deepest caves}}
Deepest mine below ground level4000|m|abbr=on|0}}
Mponeng Gold Mine, Gauteng Province, South Africa
Deepest mine below sea level2733|m|abbr=on|0}} below sea level
Kidd Mine, Ontario, Canada
Deepest open-pit mine below ground level1200|m|abbr=on|0}}
Bingham Canyon Mine, Utah, United States
Deepest open-pit mine below sea level293|m|abbr=on|0}} below sea level
Tagebau Hambach, Germany
Deepest cave (measured from the entrance) 2204|m|abbr=on|0}}
Veryovkina, Arabika Massif, Abkhazia[38]
Deepest pitch (single vertical drop) 1026|m|abbr=on|0}}
Tian Xing Cave, China[39]
Deepest borehole 12261|m|abbr=on|0}}
Kola Superdeep Borehole, Russia[40]

Greatest oceanic depths

Atlantic Ocean 8486|m|abbr=on|0}}
Milwaukee Deep, Puerto Rico Trench
Arctic Ocean 5450|m|abbr=on|0}}
Litke Deep, Eurasian Basin
Indian Ocean 7725|m|abbr=on|0}}
Sunda Trench
Mediterranean Sea 5267|m|abbr=on|0}}
Calypso Deep, Hellenic Trench
Pacific Ocean {{convert>10971|m|abbr=on|0}}
Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench[41]
Southern Ocean 7235|m|abbr=on|0}}
South Sandwich Trench (southernmost portion, at 60°S)

Deepest ice

Ice sheets on land, but having the base below sea level. Places under ice are not considered to be on land.

Bentley Subglacial Trench−2555|m|abbr=on|0}} Antarctica
Trough beneath Jakobshavn Isbræ -1512|m|abbr=on|0}}[42] Greenland, Denmark

Northern and southernmost points of land on Earth

{{See also|Northernmost settlements|Southernmost settlements}}
Northernmost point on land 83|40|N|29|50|W}})
Various shifting gravel bars lie further north, the most famous being Oodaaq
Southernmost point on land The geographic South Pole
Southernmost continental point of land outside AntarcticaCabo Froward}}) ({{Coord|53|56|00|S|071|20|00|W|display=inline}}), Magallanes Region, Chile

The Gould Coast (Coordinates: {{coord|84|30|S|150|0|W}})[43] is the southernmost point of ocean while the southernmost open sea is nearby Bay of Whales at 78°30'S, at the edge of Ross Ice Shelf.[44]

See also

{{Portal|Earth sciences}}{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
  • Extreme points of Earth
  • List of Solar System extremes
  • List of extrasolar planet extremes
  • List of northernmost items
  • List of southernmost items
  • List of weather records
  • Northernmost settlements
  • Southernmost settlements
{{div col end}}

References

[45][46]
1. ^{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Dwayne |last2=Cabbage |first2=Michael |last3=McCarthy |first3=Leslie |last4=Norton |first4=Karen |title=NASA, NOAA Analyses Reveal Record-Shattering Global Warm Temperatures in 2015 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-noaa-analyses-reveal-record-shattering-global-warm-temperatures-in-2015 |date=20 January 2016 |work=NASA |accessdate=21 January 2016 }}
2. ^Global Weather & Climate Extremes World Meteorological Organization
3. ^The Kilimanjaro 2008 Precise Height Measurement Expedition. Precise Determination of the Orthometric Height of Mt. Kilimanjaro
4. ^{{cite web|last=Harter |first=Pascale |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/9254468.stm |title=A life of constant thirst beside Djibouti's Lake Assal |publisher=BBC News |date=2010-12-04 |accessdate=2013-06-25}}
5. ^{{cite gnis|id=18890|type=antarid|name=Mount Vinson|accessdate=9 January 2013}}
6. ^Indicator 62 - Water levels of Deep Lake, Vestfold Hills {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705115923/http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/soe/display_indicator.cfm?soe_id=62 |date=2009-07-05 }}, Australian Antarctic Data Centre. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9428163 |title=The 'Highest' Spot on Earth? |publisher=Npr.org |date= |accessdate=2013-06-25}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.extremescience.com/dead-sea.htm |title=Lowest Elevation: Dead Sea |publisher=Extremescience.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-25}}
9. ^{{cite web|author=N.A. Stepanova |title=On the Lowest Temperatures on Earth|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/086/mwr-086-01-0006.pdf |publisher=Docs.lib.noaa.gov|accessdate=2015-03-10}}
10. ^Weather Underground - Christopher C. Burt - The Coldest Places on Earth https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/the-coldest-places-on-earth
11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/Weather/iran-ahvaz-hottest-temperature-ever-recorded-world-record-extreme-death-valley-california-a7815771.html |title=Temperatures in Iranian city of Ahvaz hit 129.2F (54C), near hottest on Earth in modern measurements |publisher=independent.com |date=2017-06-30 |accessdate=2017-06-30}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/05/0512_040512_tvoymyakon.html |title=Life Is a Chilling Challenge in Subzero Siberia from the National Geographic |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |date=2010-10-28 |accessdate=2013-06-25}}
13. ^Mount Elbrus at peakbagger.com
14. ^{{cite book|author1=Paul A Tucci|author2=Mathew Todd Rosenberg|title=The Handy Geography Answer Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzUpZd_D1cUC&pg=PA9|year=2009|publisher=Visible Ink Press|isbn=978-1-57859-272-2|page=9}}
15. ^{{cite press release | url=http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/new-elevation-for-nations-highest-peak/?from=title | publisher=USGS | title= New Elevation for Nation’s Highest Peak | author1=Mark Newell | author2=Blaine Horner | date=September 2, 2015 |accessdate=September 26, 2015}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/usgs-national-elevation-dataset-ned-1-meter-downloadable-data-collection-from-the-national-map-|title=USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED) 1 meter Downloadable Data Collection from The National Map 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) - National Geospatial Data Asset (NGDA) National Elevation Data Set (NED)|publisher=United States Geological Survey|date=September 21, 2015|accessdate=September 22, 2015}}
17. ^Carstensz Pyramid, Indonesia at peakbagger.com
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/au.htm |title=Oceaina |publisher=Worldatlas.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-25}}
19. ^Aconcagua, Argentina at peakbagger.com
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://geography.about.com/od/learnabouttheearth/a/extremes_2.htm |title=Lowest Points on Land |publisher=Geography.about.com |date=2013-06-20 |accessdate=2013-06-25}}
21. ^{{cite web|author=PWMU |url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/press_releases/pr_956_en.html |title=Ninety-year-old World temperature record in El Azizia (Libya) is invalid Improved data strengthens Climate knowledge |publisher=Wmo.int |date= |accessdate=2013-06-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406053728/http://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/press_releases/pr_956_en.html |archivedate=2016-04-06 |df= }}
22. ^Europe: Highest Temperature {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629061515/http://wmo.asu.edu/europe-highest-temperature |date=June 29, 2009 }} WMO
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://wmo.asu.edu/western-hemisphere-lowest-temperature |title=Western Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature |publisher=Wmo.asu.edu |date=1954-01-09 |accessdate=2013-06-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518042137/http://wmo.asu.edu/western-hemisphere-lowest-temperature |archivedate=2013-05-18 |df= }}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2003/s1015670.htm |title=Transcript of report on the highest temperature |publisher=Abc.net.au |date=2003-12-24 |accessdate=2013-06-25}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.niwa.co.nz/news/new-zealand%E2%80%99s-coldest-recorded-temperature-0 |title=New Zealand’s coldest recorded temperature |publisher=Niwa.co.nz |date= |accessdate=2013-06-25}}
26. ^p. 9, Weather Experiments, Muriel Mandell and Dave Garbot, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2006, {{ISBN|1-4027-2157-9}}.
27. ^Average of table on p. 26, Extreme Weather: A Guide & Record Book, Christopher C. Burt and Mark Stroud, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2007, {{ISBN|0-393-33015-X}}.
28. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/russia/delyankir-climate |title=Delyankir, Russia - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=2018-11-20}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?stnID=1750&lang=e&dCode=1&StationName=EUREKA&SearchType=Contains&province=ALL&provBut=&month1=0&month2=12 |title=Canadian Climate Normals 1971-2000 |publisher=Climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca |date=2013-02-04 |accessdate=2013-06-25}}
30. ^1 p. 855-857, Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth, David J. Mildrexler, Maosheng Zhao, and Steven W. Running, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, July 2011, pp. 855-860, {{doi|10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1}}.
31. ^Table 9.2, p. 158, Dryland Climatology, Sharon E. Nicholson, Cambridge University Press, 2011, {{ISBN|1139500244}}.
32. ^A possible world record maximum natural ground surface temperature, Paul Kubecka, Weather, 56, #7 (July 2001), Weather, pp. 218-221, {{doi|10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06577.x}}.
33. ^Extreme Maximum Land Surface Temperatures, J. R. Garratt, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 31, #9 (September 1992), pp. 1096–1105, {{doi|10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1096:EMLST>2.0.CO;2}}.
34. ^[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25287806 Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite], Jonathan Amos, BBC News, 9 December 2013.
35. ^The Coldest Place on Earth: -90°C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors, Ted Scambos, Allen Pope, Garrett Campbell, and Terry Haran, American Geophysical Union fall meeting, 9 December 2013.
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2010/03/mount-thor-the-greatest-vertical-drop-on-earth.html |title=Mount Thor -The Greatest Vertical Drop on Earth! |publisher=Dailygalaxy.com |date=2010-03-09 |accessdate=2013-06-25}}
37. ^{{cite bivouac|id=4155|name=Thor Peak|accessdate=2009-11-30}}
38. ^{{cite web|last1=Gulden|first1=Bob|title=World's Deepest Caves|url=http://www.caverbob.com/wdeep.htm|accessdate=8 April 2018}}
39. ^{{cite web|last1=Starritt|first1=Alex|title=Climbers explore one of world's deepest underground shafts|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/3284948/Climbers-explore-one-of-worlds-deepest-underground-shafts.html|website=Daily Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph Media Group Limited|accessdate=22 September 2015}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/kola-superdeep-borehole|title=Kola Superdeep Borehole|website=Atlas Obscura}}
41. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/UMC/Reports/Archives/KMreportJuneJuly2009.html |title=Daily Reports for R/V KILO MOANA June and July 2009 |date=2009-06-04 |publisher=University of Hawaii Marine Center |accessdate=2009-06-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120524194643/http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/UMC/Reports/Archives/KMreportJuneJuly2009.html |archivedate=2012-05-24 |df= }}
42. ^Plummer, Joel. [https://www.cresis.ku.edu/~plummer/jakob.html#Bed_1 Jakobshavn Bed Elevation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627071506/https://www.cresis.ku.edu/~plummer/jakob.html |date=2010-06-27 }}, Center for the Remote Sensing of the Ice Sheets, Dept of Geography, University of Kansas.
43. ^{{cite web|title=Antarctica Detail|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:0::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:5881|website=geonames.usgs.gov}} US Geographic Survey.
44. ^{{cite web|title=Bay of Whales {{!}} former bay, Antarctica|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Bay-of-Whales|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}
45. ^World Meteorological Organisation. (01-03-2017) [https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-verifies-highest-temperatures-antarctic-region "WMO verifies highest temperatures for Antarctic Region"]. World Meteorological Organisation. Retrieved 29-03-2017.
46. ^Ayre, James. (02-03-2017) [https://cleantechnica.com/2017/03/02/wmo-confirms-63-5-fahrenheit-record-high-antarctica/ "WMO Confirms 63.5° Fahrenheit Record High In Antarctica"]. https://cleantechnica.com. Retrieved 29-03-2017.

External links

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20020927021958/http://www0.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html United States National Climatic Data Center]
  • AWOW Top List World Top 10 Hottest Places
{{records}}{{Earth}}

4 : Mountains|Extreme points of Earth|Weather extremes of Earth|Lists of superlatives
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