| 词条 | Strongylocentrotus purpuratus |
| 释义 |
| image = Strongylocentrotus purpuratus 1.jpg | image_caption = | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Echinodermata | classis = Echinoidea | subclassis = Euechinoidea | superordo = Echinacea (animal) | ordo = Echinoida | familia = Strongylocentrotidae | genus = Strongylocentrotus | species = S. purpuratus | binomial = Strongylocentrotus purpuratus | binomial_authority = (Stimpson, 1857) | range_map = | range_map_caption = }} The purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, lives along the eastern edge of the Pacific Ocean extending from Ensenada, Mexico to British Columbia, Canada.[1] This sea urchin species is deep purple in color, eggs are orange when secreted in water,[2] and lives in lower inter-tidal and nearshore sub-tidal communities. January, February, and March function as the typical active reproductive months for the species. Sexual maturity is reached around two years.[3] It normally grows to a diameter of about 4 inches and may live as long as 70 years.[4] Role in biomedical researchWhile embryonic development is still a major part of the utilization of the sea urchin, studies on urchin's position as an evolutionary marvel have become increasingly frequent. Orthologs to human diseases have led scientists to investigate potential therapeutic uses for the sequences found in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. For instance, in 2012, scientists at the University of St Andrews began investigating the "2A" viral region in the S. purpuratus genome[5][6] which may be useful for Alzheimer's disease and cancer research. The study identified a sequence that can return cells to a 'stem-cell' like state, allowing for better treatment options.[5] The species has also been a candidate in longevity studies, particularly because of its ability to regenerate damaged or aging tissue. Another study comparing 'young' vs. 'old' suggested that even in species with varying lifespans, the 'regenerative potential' was upheld in older specimens as they suffered no significant disadvantages compared to younger ones.[7] GenomeIts genome was completely sequenced and annotated in 2006 by teams of scientists from over 70 institutions including the Kerckhoff Marine Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology as well as the Human Genome Sequencing Center at the Baylor College of Medicine.[8] Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is one of several biomedical research models in cell and developmental biology.[9] The sea urchin is the first animal with a sequenced genome that (1) is a free-living, motile marine invertebrate; (2) has a bilaterally organized embryo but a radial adult body plan; (3) has the endoskeleton and water vascular system found only in echinoderms; and (4) has a nonadaptive immune system that is unique in the enormous complexity of its receptor repertoire.[10] The sea urchin genome is estimated to encode about 23,500 genes. The S. purpuratus has 353 protein kinases, containing members of 97% of human kinase subfamilies.[11] Many of these genes were previously thought to be vertebrate innovations or were only known from groups outside the deuterostomes. The team sequencing the species concluded that some genes are not vertebrate specific as thought previously, while other genes still were found in the urchin but not the chordate. The genome is largely non-redundant, making it very comparable to vertebrates, but without the complexity. For example, 200 to 700 chemosensory genes were found that lacked introns, a feature typical of vertebrates.[11] Thus the sea urchin genome provides a comparison to our own and those of other deuterostomes, the larger group to which both echinoderms and humans belong.[10] Sea urchins are also the closest living relative to chordates.[11] Using the strictest measure, the purple sea urchin and humans share 7,700 genes.[12] Many of these genes are involved in sensing the environment,[13] a fact surprising for an animal lacking a head structure. The sea urchin also has a chemical [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17097629 'defensome'] that reacts when stress is sensed to eliminate potentially toxic chemicals.[11] S. purpuratuses Ecology and economicsThe purple sea urchin, along with sea otters and abalones, is a prominent member of the kelp forest community.[14] Sea urchins have been used for food by the indigenous peoples of California, who ate the yellow egg mass raw.[15][16] The purple sea urchin also plays a key role in the disappearance of kelp forests that is currently occurring due to climate change.[17] See also
References1. ^Ricketts EF, Calvin J. Between Pacific Tides. 3rd Rev. edn. 1962 by J.W. Hedgpeth. XII 516. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. 1939 2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://askabiologist.asu.edu/explore/sea-urchins-do-research|title=Sea Urchin Research {{!}} ASU - Ask A Biologist|date=2010-04-16|website=askabiologist.asu.edu|access-date=2016-12-05}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Strongylocentrotus_purpuratus/|title=Strongylocentrotus purpuratus|website=Animal Diversity Web|access-date=2016-12-05}} 4. ^T.A. Ebert, J. R. Southon, 2003. Fish. Bull. 101, 915 5. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://phys.org/news/2012-07-sea-urchins-genetic-key-diseases.html|title=Sea urchins could contain the genetic key to curing some diseases|access-date=2016-12-05}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/ryanlab/page2.htm|title=M. Ryan|last=Ryan|first=Dr Martin|website=www.st-andrews.ac.uk|access-date=2016-12-12}} 7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Bodnar|first=Andrea G.|last2=Coffman|first2=James A.|date=2016-08-01|title=Maintenance of somatic tissue regeneration with age in short- and long-lived species of sea urchins|journal=Aging Cell|volume=15|issue=4|pages=778–787|doi=10.1111/acel.12487|issn=1474-9726|pmc=4933669|pmid=27095483}} 8. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.caltech.edu/news/california-purple-sea-urchin-genome-sequenced-international-team-1213|title=California Purple Sea-Urchin Genome Sequenced by International Team {{!}} Caltech|newspaper=The California Institute of Technology|access-date=2016-12-05}} 9. ^SU White Paper 10. ^1 {{Cite journal|last2=Sodergren|first2=G. M.|last3=Weinstock|first3=E. H.|last4=Davidson|first4=R. A.|last5=Cameron|first5=R. A.|last6=Gibbs|first6=R. C.|last7=Angerer|first7=L. M.|last8=Angerer|first8=M. I.|last9=Arnone|first9=D. R.|year=2006|title=The Genome of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus|journal=Science|volume=314|issue=5801|pages=941–952|doi=10.1126/science.1133609|pmc=3159423|pmid=17095691|last1=Sodergren|first1=E.|last10=Burgess|first10=R. D.|last11=Burke|first11=J. A.|last12=Coffman|first12=M.|last13=Dean|first13=M. R.|last14=Elphick|first14=C. A.|last15=Ettensohn|first15=K. R.|last16=Foltz|first16=A.|last17=Hamdoun|first17=R. O.|last18=Hynes|first18=W. H.|last19=Klein|first19=W.|last20=Marzluff|first20=D. R.|last21=McClay|first21=R. L.|last22=Morris|first22=A.|last23=Mushegian|first23=J. P.|last24=Rast|first24=L. C.|last25=Smith|first25=M. C.|last26=Thorndyke|first26=V. D.|last27=Vacquier|first28=G.|first29=L.|last30=Zhang|first30=C. G.|last28=Wessel|last29=Wray|first27=G. M.|displayauthors=29}} 11. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite journal|date=2006-11-10|title=The Genome of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus|journal=Science|volume=314|issue=5801|pages=941–952|doi=10.1126/science.1133609|issn=0036-8075|pmc=3159423|pmid=17095691 | last1 = Sodergren | first1 = E | last2 = Weinstock | first2 = GM | last3 = Davidson | first3 = EH |display-authors=etal }} 12. ^Materna, S.C., K. Berney, and R.A. Cameron. 2006a. The S. purpuratus genome: A comparative perspective" Dev. Biol. 300: 485-495. 13. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Burke | first1 = R.D. | last2 = Angerer | first2 = L.M. | last3 = Elphick | first3 = M.R. | last4 = Humphrey | first4 = G.W. | last5 = Yaguchi | first5 = S. | last6 = Kiyama | first6 = T. | last7 = Liang | first7 = S. | last8 = Mu | first8 = X. | last9 = Agca | first9 = C. | last10 = Klein | first10 = W.H. | last11 = Brandhorst | first11 = B.P. | last12 = Rowe | first12 = M. | last13 = Wilson | first13 = K. | last14 = Churcher | first14 = A.M. | last15 = Taylor | first15 = J.S. | last16 = Chen | first16 = N. | last17 = Murray | first17 = G. | last18 = Wang | first18 = D. | last19 = Mellott | first19 = D. | last20 = Olinski | first20 = R. | last21 = Hallböök | first21 = F. | last22 = Thorndyke | first22 = M.C. | year = 2006 | title = A genomic view of the sea urchin nervous system | url = | journal = Dev. Biol. | volume = 300 | issue = 1| pages = 434–460 | doi=10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.08.007| pmid = 16965768 | pmc = 1950334 }} 14. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Pearse | first1 = J. S. | year = 2006 | title = The ecological role of purple sea urchins | url = | journal = Science | volume = 314 | issue = 5801| pages = 940–941 | doi=10.1126/science.1131888| pmid = 17095690 }} 15. ^D. Sweetnam et al., Calif. Coop. Oceanic Fish. Invest. Rep. 46: 10 (2005). 16. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jpvrxVA0PGYC|title=The Natural World of the California Indians|last=Heizer|first=Robert Fleming|last2=Elsasser|first2=Albert B.|date=1980-01-01|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520038967|language=en}} 17. ^{{cite journal |last1= Provost|first1= Euan J.|last2= Kelaher|first2= Brendan P.|date= 2017|title= Climate‐driven disparities among ecological interactions threaten kelp forest persistence|journal= Global Change Biology|volume= 23|issue= 1|pages= 353–361|doi= 10.1111/gcb.13414 |pmid= 27392308}} External links{{Commons category}}{{Wikispecies}}
3 : Animals described in 1857|Seafood in Native American cuisine|Strongylocentrotidae |
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