“Sudbury tornado”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Sudbury tornado was an F3 tornado, which hit the Canadian city of Sudbury, Ontario, at approximately 8:30 a.m. on Thursday, August 20, 1970.^[1]

It is currently tied for the status of the eighth deadliest tornado in Canadian history.

Storm

Considered unusual because tornadoes of this strength rarely occur in Northern Ontario,^[2] the tornado touched down in the suburban community of Lively. The tornado tracked quickly eastward into the city, hitting the neighbourhoods of Copper Cliff, Robinson and Lockerby over the next ten minutes. Another tornado associated with the same storm also hit the community of Field, approximately 70 kilometres east of Sudbury, less than an hour later.

The storm continued through North Bay, uprooting some trees in the wilderness but avoiding any damage to the city.^[3] It then tracked southeasterly toward Ottawa, leading the federal government to order a precautionary shutdown of its offices in the capital,^[4] but the storm weakened around Chalk River and only a few millimetres of rain actually fell on Ottawa by the time it reached that city.^[4]

Residents of the region had little warning of the storm as the Sudbury Airport did not at the time have weather radar capable of detecting tornado activity,^[5] and the day's only weather forecast was for "showers".^[6] The first public indication of the twister, instead, was a phone call to CKSO from a woman frantically reporting that her house was blowing away.^[7]

Six people died and 200 were injured in the tornado, which caused an estimated $17 million in 1970 (which is $111.2 million in 2018) in damage,^[7] including to Inco's copper smelter in Copper Cliff. A pipeline carrying iron-nickel concentrate to the plant collapsed onto a train track below, in turn causing a derailment when a train hit the collapsed pipe, but the incident resulted in only minor injuries.^[8] The Inco Superstack, then under construction, swayed in the storm but was not heavily damaged.^[3] Six workers were on the construction platform at the time, although all six survived.^[9]

Minor damage was also reported to the Big Nickel, with some pitting of the stainless steel panels as rocks and debris hit the monument, although that structure also survived.^[10] Damage was also reported to Memorial Hospital, Glad Tidings Tabernacle, and over 300 homes in Lively, Sudbury and Field.^[11] Some streets in the affected neighbourhoods were flooded by up to a foot of water, and electrical and communications infrastructure was heavily damaged. For several days after the storm, amateur radio remained the only reliable method of communication into and out of the city.^[12]

In Field, a lumber mill which was the town's primary employer was heavily damaged,^[13] and a church roof was ripped off just minutes after parishioners had left the building after the end of the morning mass.^[14]

Aftermath

Despite the extent of the damage, however, many meteorologists initially resisted classifying the storm as a tornado;^[18] although the pattern of damage was consistent with tornadic activity, there were no confirmed reports of a visible funnel cloud.^[6] Although it is now generally understood that a tornado can occur without an identifiable funnel in certain weather conditions, this was not as widely accepted in the 1970s. It was not until 1972 that the Canada Atmospheric Environment Service published a final report confirming that a tornado had indeed taken place.^[19]

See also

References

1. ^C.M. Wallace and Ashley Thomson, Sudbury: Rail Town to Regional Capital. Dundurn Press, 1993. {{ISBN|1-55002-170-2}}.
2. ^"1970 Sudbury tornado". Sunday Magazine, CBC Radio, August 23, 1970.
3. ^¹"90 mile winds smash Sudbury area". Toronto Star, August 20, 1970. p. 1.
4. ^¹"Ottawa concerned". The Globe and Mail, August 21, 1970. p. 8.
5. ^"1970: Deadly tornado tears through Sudbury, Ontario". The Weather Network, August 20, 2012.
6. ^¹"Forecast was for 'showers'". The Globe and Mail, August 21, 1970. p. 1
7. ^¹"1970: Freak tornado kills six in Sudbury". The National, August 20, 1970.
8. ^"Damage high but INCO 'got off lightly'". Toronto Star, August 21, 1970. p. 3.
9. ^"6 nearly blown off 1,250-foot smokestack so they quit their jobs". Toronto Star, August 21, 1970. p. 2.
10. ^"'It's the end of the world'". Sudbury Star, August 16, 2010.
11. ^¹"5 dead as 80-mph winds batter Nickel Belt". The Globe and Mail, August 21, 1970. p. 1.
12. ^"Sudbury phone lines still bad; CNE hams send messages". Toronto Star, August 21, 1970. p. 8.
13. ^"6 children put injured mother on door, carry her a mile for help". Toronto Star, August 21, 1970. p. 8.
14. ^¹"Sudbury homeless start rebuilding; loss is $17 million". Toronto Star, August 21, 1970. p. 1.
15. ^"Ottawa ready to help, municipalities are told". The Globe and Mail, August 21, 1970. p. 25.
16. ^$1 or $10,000 — it all helps patch up the Sudbury area". Toronto Star, September 17, 1970. p. 80.
17. ^$2,000,000 fund for storm victims". Toronto Star, August 22, 1970. p. D3.
18. ^"Insurance firms resort to weather office". The Globe and Mail, October 13, 1970. p. B1.
19. ^G. W. Gee and B. F. Findlay, "The Sudbury Tornado August 20, 1970". Atmospheric Environment Service Technical Memoranda, Volume 764. Atmospheric Environment Service, 1972.