词条 | Sulcus (neuroanatomy) |
释义 |
|Name = Sulcus |Latin = |Image = Gyrus sulcus.png |Caption = Sulcus and gyrus. }} In neuroanatomy, a sulcus (Latin: "furrow", pl. sulci) is a depression or groove in the cerebral cortex. It surrounds a gyrus (pl. gyri), creating the characteristic folded appearance of the brain in humans and other mammals. The larger sulci are usually called fissures. StructureSulci, the grooves, and gyri, the folds or ridges, make up the folded surface of the cerebral cortex. Larger or deeper sulci are termed fissures, and in many cases the two terms are interchangeable. The folded cortex creates a larger surface area for the brain in humans and other mammals. When looking at the human brain, two-thirds of the surface are hidden in the grooves. The sulci and fissures are both grooves in the cortex, but they are differentiated by size. A sulcus is a shallower groove that surrounds a gyrus. A fissure is a large furrow that divides the brain into lobes and also into the two hemispheres as the longitudinal fissure.[1] Importance of expanded surface areaAs the surface area of the brain increases more functions are made possible. A smooth-surfaced brain is only able to grow to a certain extent. A depression, sulcus, in the surface area allows for continued growth. This in turn allows for the functions of the brain to continue growing.[2] VariationThe sulcal pattern varies between human individuals, and the most elaborate overview on this variation is probably an atlas by Ono, Kubick and Abernathey: Atlas of the Cerebral Sulci.[3] Some of the more prominent sulci are, however, seen across individuals - and even species - making a common nomenclature across individuals and species possible. Development{{main|Gyrification}}In humans, cerebral convolutions appear at about 5 months and take at least into the first year after birth to fully develop.[4][5][4] Development varies greatly between individuals. The potential influences of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors are not fully understood.[5] It has been found that the width of cortical sulci increases not only with age,[6] but also with cognitive decline in the elderly.[7] TypesSulcus are divided into following categories:{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} On the basis of function:
Notable sulci
Other animalsThe variation in the number of fissures in the brain (gyrification) between species is related to the size of the animal and the size of the brain. Mammals that have smooth-surfaced or nonconvoluted brains are called lissencephalics and those that have folded or convoluted brains gyrencephalics.[9][10] The division between the two groups occurs when cortical surface area is about 10 cm2 and the brain has a volume of 3–4 cm3. Large rodents such as beavers ({{convert|40|lb|kg}}) and capybaras ({{convert|150|lb|kg}}) are gyrencephalic and smaller rodents such as rats and mice lissencephalic.[11] MacaqueA macaque has a more simple sulcal pattern. In a monograph Bonin and Bailey list the following as the primary sulci:[12]
See also{{Anatomy-terms}}{{Commons category|Sulcus (neuroanatomy)}}
References1. ^Carlson, N. R. (2013). Physiology of Behavior. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc. 2. ^Cusack, R. (2005). The intraparietal sulcus and perceptual organization. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17(4), 641-651. doi: 10.1162/0898929053467541 3. ^Ono, Kubick, Abernathey, Atlas of the Cerebral Sulci, Thieme Medical Publishers, 1990. {{ISBN|0-86577-362-9}}. {{ISBN|3-13-732101-8}}. 4. ^Caviness VS Jr. (1975). Mechanical model of brain convolutional development. Science. 189(4196):18-21. {{PMID|1135626}} 5. ^Dubois, J., & Benders, M. (2007). Mapping the early cortical folding process in preterm newborn brain. Oxford Journals, 18, 1444-1454. dpi: 10.1093/cercor/bhm180 6. ^Tao Liu, Wei Wen, Wanlin Zhu, Julian Trollor, Simone Reppermund, John Crawford, Jesse S Jin, Suhuai Luo, Henry Brodaty, Perminder Sachdev (2010) The effects of age and sex on cortical sulci in the elderly. NeuroImage 51:1. 19–27 May. {{PMID|20156569}} 7. ^Tao Liu, Wei Wen, Wanlin Zhu, Nicole A Kochan, Julian N Trollor, Simone Reppermund, Jesse S Jin, Suhuai Luo, Henry Brodaty, Perminder S Sachdev (2011) The relationship between cortical sulcal variability and cognitive performance in the elderly. NeuroImage 56:3. 865-873 Jun. {{PMID|21397704}} 8. ^{{cite web |last1=Ribas |first1=Guilherme Carvalhal |title=The cerebral sulci and gyri |url=http://thejns.org/doi/10.3171/2009.11.FOCUS09245 |website=Neurosurgical Focus |accessdate=10 September 2018 |pages=E2 |doi=10.3171/2009.11.focus09245 |date=February 2010}} 9. ^1 Hofman MA. (1985). Size and shape of the cerebral cortex in mammals. I. The cortical surface. Brain Behav Evol. 27(1):28-40. {{PMID|3836731}} 10. ^1 Hofman MA. (1989).On the evolution and geometry of the brain in mammals. Prog Neurobiol.32(2):137-58. {{PMID|2645619}} 11. ^Martin I. Sereno, Roger B. H. Tootell, "From Monkeys to humans: what do we now know about brain homologies," Current Opinion in Neurobiology 15:135-144, (2005). 12. ^Gerhardt von Bonin, Percival Bailey, The Neocortex of Macaca Mulatta, The University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois, 1947 External links
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