| 词条 | Sulh |
| 释义 |
Sulh ({{lang-ar|صلح|ṣulḥ}}) is an Arabic word meaning "resolution" or "fixing" generally, in problem solving. It is frequently used in the context of social problems. UsageIn Quranic Arabic, ṣulḥ is used as a term signifying an agreement or settlement over a property dispute and retains this sense in later Islamic legal usage. In Bedouin customary law, it can signify a settlement of a tribal feud and in modern Arabic usage, it is applied to treaties, such as ṣulḥ Versailles (the Treaty of Versailles).[1] In general, it reflects a sense of resolution of conflict through negotiation. The two parties select respected individuals to mediate the conflict, a truce (hudna) is declared, a settlement is reached that maintains the honor and status of both parties, and a public ritual takes place. Particularly important is the fact that the practice affirms bonds between groups and not just individuals.[2] It averts a cycle of revenge.[3] Ṣulḥ, in its sense of conflict mediation, is still common in rural areas where governmental systems of justice have little force.[3]In Muslim political thoughtIn the early days of the Islamic Empire, ṣulḥ, in the sense of "treaty" or "armistice," typically meant that a region had "surrendered on terms" or similarly during the Ottoman retreat it preceded a region's independence. Typically, it signified an area that was ruled and administered by its local political structure but acknowledged itself as a subject through the payment of tribute.[1] In the Muslim world view on divisions of the world the region called the Dār al-‘Ahd ({{lang|ar|دار العهد}}, "house of truce") or Dār aṣ-Ṣulḥ ({{lang|ar|دار الصلح}}, "house of treaty") or Dār al-Hudna ({{lang|ar|دار الهدنة}}, "house of calm") was seen as an intermediate to Dār al-Islām ({{lang|ar|دار الإسلام}}, "house/abode of Islam"), or Dār as-Salām ({{lang|ar|دار السلام}}, "house/abode of Peace"), and Dār al-Ḥarb ({{lang|ar|دار الحرب}}, "house of war"). Dār aṣ-Ṣulḥ, was then seen as non-Muslim territory that had concluded an armistice with Muslims, and had agreed to protect Muslims and their clients and interests within its borders. Often this implied a tributary situation, however modern writings also include friendly countries in Dār aṣ-Ṣulḥ. By no means was this particular division, however, recognized by all Muslim jurists, and due to historical changes these concepts have little significance today.[4]Footnotes1. ^1 Lewis, (1991), pg 78-80 2. ^{{Cite book |title=Taking wrongs seriously: apologies and reconciliation |publisher=Stanford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-xXxCOXlkAC |chapter=Apologies and Reconciliation: Middle Eastern Rituals |year=2006 |last=Irani |first=George Emile}} 3. ^1 {{Cite book |title=Holy war, holy peace: how religion can bring peace to the Middle East |year=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwyGeM8V1e4C&pg=PT231 |first=Marc |last=Gopin}} 4. ^Esposito, The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, Oxford University Press, 2003, {{ISBN|0-19-512559-2}}, pg 62-62 [https://books.google.com/books?id=6VeCWQfVNjkC&pg=PA62&dq=sulh+islam&lr=&cd=12#v=onepage&q=sulh%20islam&f=false] References
2 : Islamic concepts of religious geography|Islamic terminology |
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