| 词条 | Fairbanks-Morse |
| 释义 |
Fairbanks Morse and Company was an American manufacturing company in the late 19th and early 20th century. Originally a weighing scale manufacturer, it later diversified into pumps, engines, windmills, coffee grinders, farm tractors, feed mills, locomotives and industrial supplies until it was merged in 1958. It used the trade name Fairbanks-Morse. There are three separate corporate entities that could be considered successors to the company, none of which represent a complete and direct descendant of the original company. All claim the heritage of Fairbanks Morse and Company:
Founding and early historyFairbanks Morse and Company began in 1823 when inventor Thaddeus Fairbanks opened an ironworks in St. Johnsbury, Vermont, to manufacture two of his patented inventions: a cast iron plow and a heating stove. In 1829 he started a hemp dressing business for which he built the machinery. Though unsuccessful in fabricating for fiber factories, another invention by Thaddeus, the platform scale, formed the basis for a great enterprise. That device was patented in June 1832, and a generation later, the E. & T. Fairbanks & Company was selling thousands of scales, first in the United States, later in Europe, South America and even Imperial China. Scales were integral to business as marine and railway shippers charged by weight. Fairbanks scales won 63 medals over the years in international competition. It became the leading manufacturer in the US, and the best-known company the world over until Henry Ford and the Ford Corporation assumed this title in the 1920s.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} In Wisconsin, a former missionary named Leonard Wheeler designed a durable windmill for pumping water, the Eclipse windmill. Wheeler set up shop in Beloit just after the Civil War. Soon half a million windmills dotted the landscape throughout the West and as far away as Australia. At about the same time, a Fairbanks & Company employee, Charles Hosmer Morse, opened a Fairbanks office in Chicago, from which he expanded the company's territory of operation and widened its product line. As part of this expansion, Morse brought Wheeler and his Eclipse Windmill pumps into business with the Fairbanks company. Morse later became a partner in the Fairbanks Company and by the end of the nineteenth century, it was known as Fairbanks Morse & Company and was headquartered in Chicago. Canadian and American cities had branch dealerships, with Fairbanks first coming to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in 1876 and later opening a factory there. Market expansion into enginesIn the late nineteenth century, business expanded in the Western United States, as did the company's catalog. It grew to include typewriters, hand trucks, railway velocipedes, pumps, tractors and a variety of warehouse and bulk shipping tools. The company became an industrial supplier distributing complete "turn-key" systems: tools, plumbing, gauges, gaskets, parts, valves and pipe. Its 1910 catalog contained over 800 pages. The Fairbanks Morse Company began producing oil and naptha engines in the 1890s with the purchase of the Charter line of engines (the first commercially available gas engine). Fairbanks Morse gas engine became a success with farmers. Irrigation, electricity generation, and oilfield work also benefited from these engines. Small lighting plants built by the company were also popular. Fairbanks Morse powerplants evolved by burning kerosene in 1893, coal gas in 1905, then to semi-diesel engines in 1913 and to full diesel engines in 1924. In 1914 the company began production of the Model Z single-cylinder engine in one-, three- and six-horsepower sizes. The Z was soon made in sizes up to {{convert|20|hp}}. Over a half million units were produced in the following 30 years. The model Z found favor with farmers, and the Model N was popular in stationary industrial applications. The Company also had brief forays into building automobiles, tractors, corn shellers, hammermills, cranes, televisions, radios and refrigerators, but output was small in these fields. After the expiration of Rudolf Diesel's American license in 1912, Fairbanks Morse entered the large engine business. The company's larger Model Y semi-diesel became a standard workhorse, and sugar, rice, timber, and mine mills used the engine. The model Y was available in sizes from one through six cylinders, or 10 to {{convert|200|hp}}. The Y-VA engine was the first high-compression, cold-start, full diesel developed by Fairbanks Morse without the acquisition of any foreign patent. This machine was developed in Beloit and introduced in 1924. The company expanded its line to the marine CO engine (Many 100 H.P. CO marine engines were used in the Philippine Islands to power ferry boats) as well as the mill model E, a modernized Y diesel. During World War I, a large order of 60 30-horsepower CO marine engines were installed in British decoy fishing ships to lure German submarines within range of their 6" naval guns. From this, Fairbanks-Morse became a major engine manufacturer and developed plants for railway and marine applications. The development of the diesel locomotive, tug, and ship in the 1930s fostered the expansion of the company. Seagoing diesel enginesPrior to World War II Fairbanks-Morse developed a marine engine using an unusual opposed piston (O. P.) design, similar in arrangement to a series of German Junkers aircraft diesels.[1] The most common variant for submarines through the 1990s was the 38D 8-1/8 engine, ranging from 4 to 12 cylinders. This engine was delivered to the U.S. Navy in large numbers, often for use in fleet submarines, which used 9- or 10-cylinder versions as main engines in World War II.[2][3][4][5] When the innovative but faulty "pancake" engines of the {{sclass-|Tang|submarine|4}} proved unworkable, they were replaced with World War II-style Fairbanks-Morse engines, and these remained standard on US diesel-powered submarines through the early 1960s.[6] These and other Fairbanks-Morse O. P. engines were also used as backup power on US nuclear submarines through the {{sclass-|Seawolf|submarine|4}} of the 1990s. Fairbanks-Morse ranked 60th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts.[7] The US Navy has had Fairbanks-Morse diesels in operation on its submarines almost continuously since 1938.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} They remain in service on {{sclass-|Los Angeles|submarine|5}}-, Seawolf-, and {{sclass-|Ohio|submarine|0}} nuclear submarines of the US Navy.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} In addition to O.P. engines (used in the USCGC Hamilton class), Fairbanks-Morse license builds Pielstick (used in the {{sclass-|Whidbey Island|dock landing ship|1}}s and {{sclass-|San Antonio|amphibious transport dock|1}}s), Alco (used in {{USCGC|Polar Sea|WAGB-11|6}}), and M.A.N. design engines.[5][8] Railroad locomotivesShortly after it won its first US Navy contract, the company introduced its {{convert|5|in|cm}} bore by {{convert|6|in|cm}} stroke opposed piston diesel to the rail industry, installing the engine in various self-propelled railcars.[9] This engine proved unreliable, and was superseded by a larger 5-cylinder {{convert|8|in|cm}} bore by {{convert|10|in|cm}} stroke engine that produced 800 horsepower and was installed in the OP800 railcars in 1939.[9] In 1935, F-M initiated a long term plan to build locomotives in house when it hired electrical engineer John K. Stotz from Westinghouse Electric Corporation and began developing plans for a 1,000 horsepower switcher and a 2,000 multipurpose locomotive.[9] While the company was ready to begin production of the units in 1940, the War Production Board (WPB) denied it permission, citing the national interest of F-M's production of submarine engines and a locomotive market supplied by existing manufacturers.[9] In 1943, the WPB approved F-M's plans to sell locomotives, and it introduced the 1,000 horsepower switcher H-10-44 in 1944, followed by the 2,000 cab unit, dubbed the Erie-built for its outsourced assembly location, in late 1945.[9] The early locomotives soon proved unreliable, as high-stress railroad service exposed weaknesses in the engine that had not been seen in less demanding marine applications.[10] In 1947, F-M reorganized its locomotive division with the hiring of new managers and the construction of a dedicated factory the following year.[10] In 1947, F-M introduced two new road switcher models, the 1,500 horsepower H-15-44 and the 2,000 horsepower H-20-44.[11] In late 1949, the company's new cab units, named the Consolidated Line, were introduced to replace the Erie-builts in its catalog.[10] None of the late 1940s models sold as well as competing units from EMD and Alco, and the Consolidated Line fared particularly poorly as cab units fell out of favor on American railroads.[11][10] In 1951 F-M began designing a new large locomotive, and in 1953 it introduced the 2,400 horsepower H-24-66 Train Master, then the highest powered locomotive available.[12] It too proved unpopular, and in 1958 F-M built its last locomotive for the American market, followed in 1963 by its final delivery to a Mexican customer.[12] In total, it sold 1,460 diesel locomotives.[12] Post-war power productsFairbanks Morse continued to build diesel and gas engines, as it had been doing for the first half of the twentieth century. This is in addition to the pump and engine division, which produced Canadian Fairbanks Morse branded products for farms, factories and mines. Export offices were established in Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires; a factory was opened in Mexico, where model Z engines were built well into the 1970s. An Australian branch factory, similar to the Canadian Branch operation, was opened and remote sheep stations benefited from their products. It dated from 1902, when Cooper Sheep Shearing Machinery Ltd was set up in Sydney, and became an agent for Fairbanks Morse in that Hemisphere. The company sold and updated the Eclipse model of windmill pumps in North America until they became obsolete with widespread rural electrification in the 1940s. Low cost electricity from the grid eliminated the need for local power production by small and medium diesel plants. While many Fairbanks Morse engines dutifully served into the late twentieth century, modernization, regional plant closures, and electricity were too much competition. An inter-family feud for control of the company in 1956 between the sons of Charles Morse weakened the company. Consequently, Fairbanks-Morse was merged with Penn-Western in 1958. The downhill slide continued for the next few decades, with assets being sold off, and branches of the company closed. Regional sales offices were closed, and the one-shop model no longer appealed to buyers in the new consumer age. Automakers, tractor makers and locomotive builders made inroads into Fairbanks-Morse's market share. Thus the company spiraled down, and was sold. Corporate dispositionFairbanks Morse and Company merged with Penn-Texas Corporation in 1958 to form Fairbanks Whitney Corporation. Fairbanks Whitney was reorganized as Colt Industries in 1964, taking the name from Colt Manufacturing, the maker of firearms and an asset of Penn-Texas. In 1988, the Fairbanks Morse Pump division was sold off to private investors to become Fairbanks Morse Pump. It was subsequently purchased by Pentair as part of an acquisition of General Signal Pump Group in 1997. In 1988, the scale business was sold off by Colt Industries and became Fairbanks Scales, still an independent company. In 1990, Colt Industries sold its firearms business to C.F. Holdings Corp as Colt's Manufacturing Company, Inc. and became Coltec Industries. Coltec merged with BFGoodrich corporation in 1999 and retained the BFGoodrich name. In 2002, as part of a series of divestitures of non-aerospace divisions, BFGoodrich spun off its engineered industrial products division as EnPro Industries, Inc. and became Goodrich Corporation. EnPro is now the parent company of Fairbanks Morse Engine. As a result, there are now three companies using either the Fairbanks or Fairbanks Morse trademarks, with lineage to the original Fairbanks Morse and Company. Fairbanks Scale and Fairbanks Morse Pump claim lineage back to E & T Fairbanks Company. 21st centuryIn October 2013, Fairbanks Morse Engine signed a joint development and licensing agreement with Achates Power to reduce emissions and fuel consumption of Fairbanks Morse proprietary and dual-fuel opposed-piston engines.[13] The opposed-piston diesel engine is still (August 2018) manufactured as the Trident OP for electric power generation.[14] See also
ReferencesFootnotes1. ^{{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|authorlink=|title=U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History|publisher=United States Naval Institute|year=1995|location=Annapolis, Maryland|pages=263|url=|doi=|isbn=1-55750-263-3}} 2. ^{{cite book|last=Pinkpank|first=Jerry A|title=The Second Diesel Spotter’s Guide|year=1973|publisher=Kalmbach Books|lccn=66-22894|isbn=|pages=323}} 3. ^{{cite book |last=|first=|year=1998|title=Jane’s Fighting Ships of World War II|publisher=Crescent Books (Random House) |page=290|isbn=0517-67963-9}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/08/08230.htm|title=NavSource USS Finback SS-230|work=Photographic History of the U.S. Navy|publisher=NavSource Naval History|accessdate=2013-03-03}} 5. ^1 {{cite web |last= |first= |title=Fairbanks-Morse Company |url=http://www.tugboatenthusiastsociety.org/pages/tugmach-diesel-modern-FM.htm |work=Marine Diesel Engines |publisher=Tugboat Enthusiasts Society of the Americas |accessdate=2013-03-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221080403/http://www.tugboatenthusiastsociety.org/pages/tugmach-diesel-modern-FM.htm |archivedate=2013-02-21 |df= }} 6. ^{{cite book|last=Gardiner|first=Robert|authorlink=|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1947-1995|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=1995|location=Annapolis, Maryland|pages=603|url=|doi=|isbn=1-55750-132-7}} 7. ^Peck, Merton J. & Scherer, Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis (1962) Harvard Business School p.619 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.navsource.org/archives/10/12/1241.htm|title=NavSource USS Whidbey Island LSD 41|work=Photographic History of the U.S. Navy|publisher=NavSource Naval History|accessdate=2013-03-04}} 9. ^1 2 3 4 Lamb, p. 85 10. ^1 2 3 Lamb, p. 88 11. ^1 Lamb, p. 96 12. ^1 2 Lamb, p. 99 13. ^Zoia, David (January 2, 2014) “Achates Finding Traction with Opposed-Piston Engine”, WardsAuto.com 14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.fairbanksmorse.com/trident-op|title=Fairbanks Morse - Trident OP™|first=Fairbanks|last=Morse|date=|website=www.fairbanksmorse.com}} Bibliography
Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Fairbanks-Morse}}
13 : Beloit, Wisconsin|Companies based in Wisconsin|Manufacturing companies established in 1823|Electrical generation engine manufacturers|Locomotive manufacturers of the United States|Gas engine manufacturers|Diesel engine manufacturers|Locomotive engine manufacturers|Marine engine manufacturers|Pump manufacturers|Two-stroke diesel engines|Opposed piston engines|American companies established in 1823 |
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