| 词条 | Sumur (Levant) |
| 释义 |
|name = Sumur |native_name = |alternate_name = Sumura, Zemar, etc. |image = Towns_of_aram.jpg |alt = |caption = The location of Zimyra/Sumur (in the north) |map_type = Syria |map_alt = |map_size = 250 |location = Syria |region = Tartus Governorate |coordinates = {{coord|34.7081|N|35.9861|E|source:wikidata|display=inline,title}} |type = |part_of = |length = |width = |area = |height = |builder = |material = |built = |abandoned = |epochs = |cultures = |dependency_of = |occupants = |event = |excavations = |archaeologists = |condition = |ownership = |management = |public_access = |website = |notes = }}Sumur (Biblical Hebrew: {{Hebrew|צְמָרִי}} [collective noun denoting the city inhabitants]; Egyptian: Smr; Akkadian: Sumuru; Assyrian: Simirra) was a Phoenician city in what is now Syria. Zemar was a major trade center. The city has also been referred to in English publications as Simyra,[1] Ṣimirra, Ṣumra,[2] Sumura,[3] Ṣimura,[4] Zemar,[5] and Zimyra.[6] Sumur (or "Sumura") appears in the Amarna letters (mid-14th century BCE); Ahribta is named as its ruler. It was under the guardianship of Rib-Hadda, king of Byblos, but revolted against him and joined Abdi-Ashirta's expanding kingdom of Amurru. Pro-Egyptian factions may have seized the city again, but Abdi-Ashirta's son, Aziru, recaptured Sumur. Sumur became the capital of Amurru.[7] It is likely, although not completely certain, that the "Sumur" of the Amarna letters is the same city later known as "Simirra."[8] Simirra was claimed as part of the Assyrian empire by Tiglath-Pileser III in 738 BCE, but rebelled against Assyria in 721 at the beginning of the reign of Sargon II.[9] It has been linked by Maurice Dunand and N. Salisby to the archaeological site of Tell Kazel in 1957.[10] References1. ^{{cite book|author=Archibald Henry Sayce|title=The Hittites: the story of a forgotten empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KC8YAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA164|year=1903|publisher=The Religious Tract Society|page=164}} {{AncientNearEast-stub}}{{Syria-geo-stub}}2. ^{{cite book|author=Oded Lipschitz|title=The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem: Judah Under Babylonian Rule|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78nRWgb-rp8C&pg=PA5|year=2005|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=978-1-57506-095-8|page=5}} 3. ^{{cite book|author1=Shlomo Izre'el|author2=Itamar Singer|author3=Ran Zadok|title=Past Links: Studies in the Languages and Cultures of the Ancient Near East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fKTRZrWTHh4C&pg=PA393|year=1998|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=978-1-57506-035-4|page=393}} 4. ^{{cite book|author=Niels Peter Lemche|title=The Canaanites and Their Land: The Tradition of the Canaanites|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8jJvSOigpEcC&pg=PA78|date=1 March 1991|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-85075-310-0|page=78}} 5. ^{{cite book|author=Archibald Henry Sayce|title=Patriarchal Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJQrkLxjxJwC&pg=PT24|year=1895|publisher=Library of Alexandria|isbn=978-1-4655-5042-2|page=24}} 6. ^{{cite book|author1=I. E. S. Edwards|author2=C. J. Gadd|author3=N. G. L. Hammond|author4=E. Sollberger|title=The Cambridge Ancient History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FF5-7JVj4jYC&pg=PA863|date=3 May 1973|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-08230-3|page=863}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=Eric H. Cline|title=The Year Civilization Collapsed|page=113}} 8. ^{{cite book|author=Trevor Bryce|title=The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AwwNS0diXP4C&pg=PA654|date=10 September 2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-15907-9|page=672}} 9. ^{{cite book|author=Trevor Bryce|title=The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AwwNS0diXP4C&pg=PA654|date=10 September 2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-15907-9|page=654}} 10. ^[https://www.jstor.org/pss/25066965 Badre, Leila., Tell Kazel-Simyra: A Contribution to a Relative Chronological History in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Late Bronze Age, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 2006.] 4 : Phoenician cities|Amarna Period|Former populated places in Syria|Archaeological sites in Syria |
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