| 词条 | Sunda clouded leopard |
| 释义 |
| name = Sunda clouded leopard | fossil_range = Early Pleistocene to recent | image = borneo_clouded_leopard.jpg | image_caption = A Bornean clouded leopard, lower Kinabatangan River, eastern Sabah, Malaysia | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | taxon = Neofelis diardi | authority = (G. Cuvier, 1823) | subdivision_ranks = Subspecies | subdivision =N. d. diardi {{small|(Cuvier, 1923)}} N. d. borneensis {{small|Wilting, Christiansen, Kitchener, Kemp, Ambu and Fickel, 2007}} | range_map = Sunda-Clouded-leopard_distribution.jpg | range_map_caption = Distribution of Sunda clouded leopard, 2016[1] }} The Sunda clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi) is a medium-sized wild cat native to Borneo and Sumatra. It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 2015, as the total effective population probably consists of fewer than 10,000 mature individuals, with a decreasing population trend. On both Sunda islands, it is threatened by deforestation.[1] In 2006, it was classified as a species, distinct from the clouded leopard in mainland Southeast Asia.[2] Its fur is darker with a smaller cloud pattern.[3][4] It is also known as the Sundaland clouded leopard, Enkuli clouded leopard,[1] Diard's clouded leopard,[5] and Diard's cat.[6] CharacteristicsThe Sunda clouded leopard is overall grayish yellow or gray hue. It has a double midline on the back and is marked with small irregular cloud-like patterns on shoulders. These cloud markings have frequent spots inside and form two or more rows that are arranged vertically from the back on the flanks.[3] It has a stocky build and weighs around {{convert|12|to|26|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. Its canine teeth are {{convert|2|in|cm|abbr=on}} long, which, in proportion to the skull length, are longer than those of any other living cat. Its tail can grow to be as long as its body, aiding balance.{{cn|date=February 2019}} It is the largest cat in Borneo. It can purr as its hyoid bone is ossified. Its pupils contract to vertical slits.[7] Distribution and habitatThe Sunda clouded leopard is restricted to the islands of Borneo and Sumatra. In Borneo, it occurs in lowland rainforest, and at lower density in logged forest below {{convert|1500|m|ft|abbr=on}}. In Sumatra, it appears to be more abundant in hilly, montane areas. It is unknown if it still occurs on the Batu Islands close to Sumatra.[1] Between March and August 2005, tracks of clouded leopards were recorded during field research in the Tabin Wildlife Reserve in Sabah. The population size in the {{convert|56|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} research area was estimated to be five individuals, based on a capture-recapture analysis of four confirmed animals differentiated by their tracks. The density was estimated at eight to 17 individuals per {{convert|100|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. The population in Sabah is roughly estimated at 1,500–3,200 individuals, with only 275–585 of them living in totally protected reserves that are large enough to hold a long-term viable population of more than 50 individuals.[8] Density outside protected areas in Sabah is probably much lower, estimated at one individual per {{convert|100|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.[9] In Sumatra, it was recorded in Kerinci Seblat, Gunung Leuser and Bukit Barisan Selatan National Parks.[10][11][12] It occurs most probably in much lower densities than on Borneo. One explanation for this lower density of about 1.29 individuals per {{convert|100|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} might be that on Sumatra it is sympatric with the tiger, whereas on Borneo it is the largest carnivore.[13] Clouded leopard fossils were excavated on Java, where it perhaps became extinct in the Holocene.[14] Ecology and behaviourThe habits of the Sunda clouded leopard are largely unknown because of the animal's secretive nature. It is assumed that it is generally solitary. It hunts mainly on the ground and uses its climbing skills to hide from dangers.{{citation needed|date=February 2010}} Evolutionary and taxonomic historyThe species was named Felis diardi in honor of the French naturalist and explorer Pierre-Médard Diard by Georges Cuvier in 1823, based on a drawing and skin allegedly from Java.[15] In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Sunda clouded leopard was regarded as a subspecies of the clouded leopard, namely Neofelis nebulosa diardi. Results of genetic analysis of hair samples from Neofelis nebulosa and Neofelis diardi showed that the two taxa diverged 1.4 million years ago, after having used a now submerged land bridge to reach Borneo and Sumatra from mainland Asia.[2] Results of a morphometric analysis of the pelages of 57 clouded leopards sampled throughout the genus' wide geographical range indicated that there are two distinct morphological groups, differing primarily in the size of their cloud markings.[3] DNA samples from the Bornean and mainland Asia populations were used in molecular genetic analyses, revealing differences in mtDNA, nuclear DNA sequences, microsatellite and cytogenetic variation. Thirty-six fixed mitochondrial and nuclear nucleotide differences, and 20 microsatellite loci with nonoverlapping allele-size ranges distinguished the populations — a degree of differentiation equivalent to, or greater than, comparable measures among the Panthera species — and strongly support a species-level distinction between Neofelis nebulosa and Neofelis diardi.[2][3] In December 2006, the genus Neofelis was reclassified as comprising two distinct species:[2][3]
Molecular, craniomandibular and dental analysis indicates distinction of the Sunda clouded leopard in two subspecies with separate evolutionary histories:[16]
Both populations are estimated to have diverged from each other during the Middle to Late Pleistocene. The split of these two Sunda clouded leopard subspecies corresponds roughly with the catastrophic super-eruption of the Toba Volcano in Sumatra 69,000–77,000 years ago. A probable scenario is that Sunda clouded leopards from Borneo recolonized Sumatra during periods of low sea levels in the Pleistocene, and were later separated from their source population by rising sea levels.[16] ThreatsSunda clouded leopards being strongly arboreal are forest-dependent, and are increasingly threatened by habitat destruction following deforestation in Indonesia as well as in Malaysia.[1] Since the early 1970s, much of the forest cover has been cleared in southern Sumatra, in particular lowland tropical evergreen forest. Fragmentation of forest stands and agricultural encroachments have rendered wildlife particularly vulnerable to human pressure.[17] Borneo has one of the world's highest deforestation rates. While in the mid-1980s forests still covered nearly three quarters of the island, by 2005 only 52% of Borneo was still forested. Both forests and land make way for human settlement. Illegal trade in wildlife is a widely spread practice.[18] The population status of Sunda clouded leopards in Sumatra and Borneo has been estimated to decrease due to forest loss, forest conversion, illegal logging, encroachment, and possibly hunting. In Borneo, forest fires pose an additional threat, particularly in Kaltim and in the Sebangau National Park.[19] There have been reports of poaching of Sunda clouded leopards in Brunei's Belait District where locals are selling their pelts at a lucrative price.[20] ConservationNeofelis diardi is listed on CITES Appendix I, and is fully protected in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei. Sunda clouded leopards occur in most protected areas along the Sumatran mountain spine and in most protected areas on Borneo.[1]Since November 2006, the Bornean Wild Cat and Clouded Leopard Project based in the Danum Valley Conservation Area and the Tabin Wildlife Reserve aims to study the behaviour and ecology of the five species of Bornean wild cat — bay cat, flat-headed cat, marbled cat, leopard cat, and Sunda clouded leopard — and their prey, with a focus on the clouded leopard; investigate the effects of habitat alteration; increase awareness of the Bornean wild cats and their conservation needs, using the clouded leopard as a flagship species; and investigate threats to the Bornean wild cats from hunting and trade in Sabah.[21] The Sunda clouded leopard is one of the focal cats of the project Conservation of Carnivores in Sabah based in northeastern Borneo since July 2008. The project team evaluates the consequences of different forms of forest exploitation for the abundance and density of felids in three commercially used forest reserves. They intend to assess the conservation needs of these felids and develop species specific conservation action plans together with other researchers and all local stakeholders.[22] NamesThe scientific name of the genus Neofelis is a composite of the Greek word νεο- meaning "new, fresh, strange", and the Latin word feles meaning "cat", so it literally means "new cat."[23][24] The Indonesian name for the clouded leopard rimau-dahan means "tree tiger" or "branch tiger".[25] See also
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Hughes and M. Mercer |title=Felid Biology and Conservation: Programme and Abstracts. An International Conference, 17–20 September 2007, Oxford |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University, Wildlife Conservation Research Unit}} 14. ^{{cite journal |author=Meijaard, E. |year=2004 |title=Biogeographic history of the Javan leopard Panthera pardus based on a craniometric analysis |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=302–310 |doi=10.1644/BER-010}} 15. ^{{cite book |author=Cuvier, G. |year=1823 |chapter=Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles; ou, l'on retablit les caracteres de plusiers animaux dont les revolutions du globe ont detruit les especes |title=Les Ruminans et les Carnassiers Fossiles, Volume IV |location=Paris |publisher=G. Dufour & E. d'Ocagne}} 16. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Wilting A. |author2=Christiansen P. |author3=Kitchener A. C. |author4=Kemp Y. J. M. |author5=Ambu L. |author6=Fickel, J. |title=Geographical variation in and evolutionary history of the Sunda clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) with the description of a new subspecies from Borneo |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |issue=2 |year=2010 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6WNH-51FGT0V-3-K&_cdi=6963&_user=10&_pii=S1055790310004306&_origin=search&_coverDate=11%2F11%2F2010&_sk=999999999&view=c&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkWb&md5=71638c4ab5129e5f1dc9c1eba43e2843&ie=/sdarticle.pdf |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.007 |pmid=21074625 |volume=58 |pages=317–328}} 17. ^{{cite journal |author1=Gaveaua, D. L. A. |author2=Wandonoc, H. |author3=Setiabudid, F. |year=2007 |title=Three decades of deforestation in southwest Sumatra: Have protected areas halted forest loss and logging, and promoted re-growth? |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=134 |issue=4 |pages=495–504 |url=http://www.aseanenvironment.info/Abstract/41014243.pdf |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2006.08.035}} 18. ^{{citation |author=Rautner, M. |author2=Hardiono, M. |author3=Alfred, R. J. |year=2005 |title=Borneo: treasure island at risk. Status of Forest, Wildlife, and related Threats on the Island of Borneo |publisher=WWF Germany |url=http://assets.panda.org/downloads/treasureislandatrisk.pdf}} 19. ^{{citation |editor=Povey, K. |editor2=Sunarto, H. J.G. |editor3=Priatna, D. |editor4=Ngoprasert, D. |editor5=Reed, D. |editor6=Wilting, A. |editor7=Lynam, A. |editor8=Haidai, I. |editor9=Long, B. |editor10=Johnson, A. |editor11=Cheyne, S.|editor12= Breitenmoser, C.|editor13=Holzer, K.|editor14= Byers, O. CBSG. |year= 2009 |title=Clouded Leopard and Small Felid Conservation Summit Final Report |publisher=IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group: Apple Valley, MN. |url=http://www.cbsg.org/cbsg/workshopreports/26/small_felids_2009_final_report.pdf}} 20. ^Shahminan, F., Begawan, B. S. (2010). Poaching threatens clouded leopards {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508221458/http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2010/12/19/poaching-threatens-clouded-leopards |date=2013-05-08 }} The Brunei Times, 19 December 2010. 21. ^{{cite journal |author=Hearn, A. |author2=Ross, J. |year=2006 |title=Bornean Wild Cat and Clouded Leopard Project |journal=Cat Project of the Month – November 2006. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group |url=http://www.catsg.org/catsgportal/project-o-month/02_webarchive/grafics/dec2006.pdf}} 22. ^{{cite journal |author=Wilting, A. |author2=Mohamed, A. |year=2009 |title=Consequences of different forest management strategies for felids in Sabah, Malaysia |journal=Cat Project of the Month – May 2009. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group |url=http://www.catsg.org/catsgportal/project-o-month/02_webarchive/grafics/may2009.pdf}} 23. ^{{cite book |last1=Liddell |first1=H. G. |last2=Scott |first2=R. |year=1889 |title=An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |chapter=νεοs |page= |chapterurl=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3Dne%2Fos}} 24. ^{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=C. T. |year=1890 |title=An Elementary Latin Dictionary |publisher=American Book Company |location=New York, Cincinnati, and Chicago |chapter=fēlēs or faelēs |page= |chapterurl=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=felis&la=la}} 25. ^{{cite journal |author=Horsfield, T. |year=1825 |url=https://archive.org/stream/zoologicaljourna01lond#page/542/mode/2up |title=Description of the Rimau-Dahan of the inhabitants of Sumatra, a new species of Felis, discovered in the forests of Bencoolen, by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, late Lieutenant-Governor of Fort Marlborough |journal=Zoological Journal of London 1 |pages=542–554}} External links{{Wikispecies|Neofelis diardi}}{{Commons|Neofelis diardi}}
Older newspaper articles still online:
8 : Neofelis|Mammals described in 1823|Felids of Asia|Mammals of Borneo|Fauna of Sumatra|Carnivorans of Malaysia|Mammals of Indonesia|Vulnerable fauna of Asia |
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