“Fairuz”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Her songs are constantly heard across the region and broadcast on the radios each morning.^[8]^[9]

She is also known as an icon in modern Arabic music and has sold over 150 million records worldwide, making her and Umm Kulthum the two best-selling Middle-Eastern artists of all time. ^[10]

She was first noticed at the International Festival of Baalbeck, where she performed many of her songs. She became famous after appearing on the "Lebanese Nights" part of the festival for many successive years. Fairuz is commonly known as "Ambassador to the Stars", "Ambassador of the Arabs" after the title of one of her albums, "the Moon's Neighbour" for her song about the moon of Machgara, and the "Jewel of Lebanon".

Early life

Nouhad Haddad was born on November 21, 1934 in Lebanon into a Syriac and Maronite Christian family.^[11]^[12]^[13] Her father was born in Mardin, Turkey. The family later moved into a home in a cobblestone alley called Zuqaq el Blatt in Beirut. Living in a single room of a typical Lebanese stone house facing Beirut's Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate school, they shared a kitchen with the neighbours. Her father Wadīʿ was a Lebanese of the Syriac Orthodox faith,^[12]^[13] and worked as a typesetter in a print shop.^[14] Lisa El boustani, her mother, also Lebanese, but Maronite Christian, stayed home and took care of her four children, Nouhad, Youssef, Houda and Amal.

Nouhad was a shy child and did not have many friends at school. However, she was very attached to her grandmother who lived in Debbieh (Shuf area), where Nouhad used to spend her summer holidays. Nouhad seemed to enjoy the rural village life. During the day, Nouhad would help her grandmother with house chores and fetch fresh water from a nearby water spring. She would sing all the way to the spring and back. In the evening, Nouhad would sit by the candlelight with her grandmother, who would tell her stories.{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}}

By the age of ten, Nouhad was already known at school for her unusual singing voice. She would sing regularly during school shows and on holidays. This was how she came to the attention of Mohammed Flayfel, a well known musician and a teacher at the Lebanese Conservatory, who happened to attend one of the school's shows in February 1950. Impressed by her voice and performance, he advised her to enroll in the conservatory, which she did. At first, Nouhad's conservative father was reluctant to send her to the conservatory; however, he eventually allowed her to go on condition that her brother accompany her. That having been said, Nouhad's family as a whole encouraged her in her musical career.{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}}

Mohammed Flayfel took a close interest in Nouhad's talent. Among other things, he taught her to recite verses from the Koran (in the recitative style known as Tajweed). On one occasion, Nouhad was heard singing by Halim el Roumi, head of the Lebanese radio station and a prominent musician in his own right (also the father of the famous Lebanese singer Majida Roumi). Roumi was impressed by her voice and noticed that it had a rare flexibility that allowed her to sing both Arabic and Western modes admirably. At Nouhad's request, El Roumi appointed her as a chorus singer at the radio station in Beirut and went on to compose several songs for her. He chose for her the stage name Fairuz, which is the Arabic word for turquoise.

A short while later, Fairuz was introduced to the Rahbani brothers, Assi and Mansour, who also worked at the radio station as musicians, and they discovered her talent. The chemistry was instant, and soon after, Assi started to compose songs for Fairouz, one of which was "Itab" (the third song he composed for her), which was an immediate smash hit in all of the Arab world, establishing Fairuz as one of the most prominent Arab singers on the Arabic music scene. Assi and Fairuz were married on January 23, 1955.

Fairuz and Assi had four children: Ziad, a musician and a composer, Layal (died in 1987 of a brain stroke), Hali (paralysed since early childhood after meningitis) and Rima, a photographer and film director.{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}}

Fairuz's first large-scale concert was in 1957, as part of the Baalbeck International Festival which took place under the patronage of the Lebanese President Camille Chamoun. She performed alongside the British prima ballerina Beryl Goldwyn and the Ballet Rambert. Fairuz was paid one Lebanese pound for that show. Musical operettas and concerts followed for many years, eventually establishing Fairuz as one of the most popular singers in Lebanon and throughout the Arab world.

Career

1960s – establishment of a new star

As the 1960s wore on, Fairuz became known as the "First Lady of Lebanese singing", as Halim Roumi dubbed her. During this period the Rahbani brothers wrote and composed for her hundreds of famous songs, most of their operettas, and three motion pictures.

In 1969, Fairuz's songs were banned from the radio stations in Lebanon for six months because she refused to sing at a private concert in honour of Algerian President Houari Boumedienne. The incident only served to increase her popularity. Fairuz made it clear then and since that while always willing to sing to her public and to various countries and regions, she would never sing to any individual.

1970s – International fame and war in Lebanon

In 1971, Fairuz's fame became international after her major North American tour, which was received with much excitement by the Arab-American and American community and yielded very positive reviews of the concerts.

On September 22, 1972, Assi suffered a brain haemorrhage and was rushed to the hospital. Fans crowded outside the hospital praying for him and lighting candles. After three surgeries, Assi's brain haemorrhage was halted. Ziad Rahbani, the eldest son of Fairuz and Assi, at age 16, gave his mother the music of one of his unreleased songs "Akhadou el Helween" (that he had composed to be sung by Marwan Mahfouz in "Sahriyyi" Ziad's first play) and his uncle Mansour Rahbani re-wrote new lyrics for it to be called "Saalouni n'Nass" ("The People Asked Me") which talked about Fayrouz being on stage for the first time without Assi. Three months after suffering the haemorrhage, Assi attended the premiere performance of that musical Al Mahatta in Piccadilly Theatre on Hamra Street. Elias Rahbani, Assi's younger brother, took over the orchestration and musical arrangement for the performance.

Fairuz made her first European TV appearance on French TV on May 24, 1975, in a "Carpentier special show" called "Numero 1" dedicated to French star Mireille Mathieu. She sang one of her big hits "Habbaytak Bissayf" and was thanked and embraced after performing it by Mireille Mathieu.

Within a year, Assi had returned to composing and writing with his brother. They continued to produce musicals, which became increasingly political in nature. After the Lebanese Civil War erupted, the brothers continued to use political satire and sharp criticism in their plays. In 1977, their musical Petra was shown in both the Muslim western and Christian eastern portions of Beirut.

In 1978, the trio toured Europe and the Persian Gulf nations, including a concert at the Paris Olympia. As a result of this busy schedule, Assi’s medical and mental health began to deteriorate. Fairuz and the brothers agreed to end their professional and personal relationship in 1979. Fairuz began to work with a production team helmed by her son, Ziad Rahbani, and Assi and Mansour composed for other artists such as Ronza.

During the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990), Fairuz never left Lebanon to live abroad and did not hold any concerts there with the exception of the stage performance of the operetta Petra, which was performed in both the western and eastern parts of the then-divided Beirut in 1978. However, during that time period, Fairuz held many very successful and record-breaking concerts and tours in numerous countries around the world.

1980s – A new production team

After the artistic divorce between Fairouz and the Rahbani brothers in 1979, Fairuz carried on with her son, composer Ziad Rahbani, his friend the lyricist Joseph Harb, and composer Philemon Wehbe.

Fairuz made a second and final European Television appearance on French TV on October 13, 1988 in a show called Du côté de chez Fred. Fairuz, who had scheduled a concert at the POPB of Paris Bercy concert hall three days later on October 16, was the main guest of French TV presenter Frédéric Mitterrand. The program features footage of her rehearsals for her concert at Bercy in addition to the ceremony featuring then French Minister of Culture Jack Lang awarding Fairuz the medal of Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres. It also includes a video montage of her previous movies and concerts. In that show, Fairuz also sang the three songs "Ya hourrié", "Yara" and "Zaali tawwal".

Her first CD, The Very Best of Fairuz was published in 1987 and contained the emblematic song "Aatini al Nay wa ghanni" (Give me the flute and sing)^[15] based on a poem in "The Procession"^[16] by Khalil Gibran. It was first sung at the end of the sixties.^[17]

1990s–present

In the 1990s, Fairuz produced six albums (two Philemon Wehbe tributes with unreleased tracks included, a Zaki Nassif album, three Ziad Rahbani albums, and a tribute album to Assi Rahbani orchestrated by Ziad) and held a number of large-scale concerts, most notably the historic concert held at Beirut's Martyr's Square in September 1994 to launch the rebirth of the downtown district that was ravaged by the civil war. She appeared at the Baalbeck International Festival in 1998 after 25 years of self-imposed absence where she performed the highlights of three very successful plays that were presented in the 1960s and 1970s.

She also performed a concert in Las Vegas at the MGM Grand Arena in 1999 which was attended by over 16,000 spectators, mostly Arabs. Ever since, Fairuz has held sold out concerts at the Beiteddine International Festival (Lebanon) from 2000 to 2003, Kuwait (2001), Paris (2002), the United States (2003), Amman (2004), Montreal (2005), Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Baalbeck, BIEL (2006), Athens,^[18] Amman (2007) Damascus, and Bahrain (2008).

Fairuz now works exclusively with her composer son Ziad.{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}} Her first album in the new millennium "Wala Keef", was released in 2002.

On January 28, 2008, Fairuz performed at the Damascus Opera House in an emotional return to the Syrian capital, where she played the lead role in the musical Sah el-Nom (Good Morning), after more than two decades of absence from the country, in one of a series of events highlighting UNESCO's designation of Damascus as the Capital of Arab Culture that year. Commenting on the event, the BBC wrote: "Every day the sun rises over Syria you hear one voice across the country – Fairuz, the legendary Lebanese singer and greatest living Arab diva". Syrian historian, Sami Moubayed, said that the Syrians were thrilled about the performance and that Fairuz reminded them of the "good old days". People from all ages attended the concert and the auditorium was packed with listeners. Fairuz said that she had never seen such an audience in her life. However, her decision to perform there drew criticism from Lebanese politicians who considered Syria to be a hostile nation.^[19]^[20]

Fairuz's new album entitled Eh... Fi Amal was released on October 7, 2010, produced by Fairuz productions and written entirely by Ziad Rahbani. Two concerts took place at BIEL Center in Beirut, Lebanon, on October 7 and 8. Later a concert in Bahrain was cancelled in March 2011. She performed in the Netherlands for the first time in Amsterdam on June 26, 2011.

Fairuz's last appearance on stage was in Platea – Jounieh – Harer Sakher in December 2011, where she had 6 concerts extending from December 9 to 23.{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}}

Fairuz released her first album in seven years titled "Bebalee" on September 22, 2017. On June 21, 2017, her daughter Reema Rahbany released the first single from the album "Lameen". The song is a tribute for Fairouz's late husband Assi Rahbany and was released in commemoration of his anniversary. Lameen is inspired by the French song "Pour qui veille l'étoile" and was adapted into Arabic by Reema Rahbany.^[21]^[22]^[23]

Live concerts

Fairuz has performed in many countries around the globe including Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, France, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Netherlands,^[24] Greece, Canada, United States, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Italy, and her home country Lebanon.

Fairuz has performed in many venues such as the Royal Albert Hall in London in 1962, the New York Carnegie Hall in 1971, the London Palladium in 1978, L'Olympia de Paris in 1979, London's Royal Festival Hall in 1986, the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles (1971, 1981, and 2003), the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington D.C. (1981 and 1987) among many others.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}

Fairuz, Assi, and Mansour have become the most famous and dominant music production phenomenon in the Arab world, and their music has spread beyond the Arab world to Europe, the Americas, and Australia.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}

Of Fairuz's numerous concerts, few have been released as official recordings. They are the Damascus 1960, Olympia 1979 concert (audio and video released in the 1980s), USA tour 1981, Jarash 1983, Royal Festival Hall London 1986, USA tour 1987, Baalbek 1998 (Video), Las Vegas 1999 concert (on DVD with make over and rehearsals), Beiteddine 2000 and Dubai 2001 (on DVD, it includes parts from concerts in 1997 and 2002 as well as rehearsals from 2001 and 2002 concerts, released May 2008). Filmed versions of other concerts exist: Kuwait 1966, Syria and Egypt 1976, Olympia 1979, Australia 1984, Syria 1985, Bahrain 1987, France 1988, Kuwait1989, Cairo 1989, London 1994, Beirut 1994, and parts of the four Beiteddine concerts (2000–2003), Parts of Dubai concerts (1990–2006), Paris 2002, Amman 2004, Canada 2005, parts of the play ''Sah Ennawm'' which was performed in Beirut (2006), Athens 2007 and Bahrain 2008. On June 26, 2011 Fairuz performed in the Royal Carre Theater in Amsterdam, Netherlands. In December 2011, Fairuz performed 5 concerts on Platea Theatre in Sahel Alma in Lebanon, on December 9, 10, 16, 17 and 23, where the theater accommodates approximately 4,000 persons.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}

Theatrical works

Musical plays or operettas were the cornerstone works of the Rahbani Trio, Fairuz, Assi and Mansour. The Rahbani Brothers produced 25 popular musical plays (20 with Fairuz) over a period of more than 30 years. They were possibly the first to produce world-class Arabic musical theatre.

The musicals combined storyline, lyrics and dialogue, musical composition varying widely from Lebanese folkloric and rhythmic modes to classical, westernized, and oriental songs, orchestration, and the voice and acting of Fairuz. She played the lead roles alongside singers/actors Nasri Shamseddine, Wadih El Safi, Antoine Kerbaje, Elie Shouayri (Chouayri), Hoda (Fairuz's younger sister), William Haswani, Raja Badr, Siham Chammas (Shammas), Georgette Sayegh and many others.

The Rahbani plays expressed patriotism, unrequited love and nostalgia for village life, comedy, drama, philosophy, and contemporary politics. The songs performed by Fairuz as part of the plays have become immensely popular among the Lebanese and Arabs around the world.

The Fairuz-Rahbani collaboration produced the following musicals (in chronological order):

Most of the musical plays were recorded and video-taped. Eighteen of them have been officially released on audio CD, two on DVD (Mais el Reem and Loulou). An unauthorized version of Petra and one such live version of Mais el Reem in black and white exist. Ayyam al Hassad (Days of Harvest) was never recorded and Al 'Urs fi l’Qarya (The Marriage in the Village) has not yet been released (yet an unofficial audio record is available).

Filmography

Cinema

Television

Lebanese Television has featured appearances by Fairuz in the following television programmes:

Other television programmes and appearances have been recorded for Syrian and Lebanese TV alike, though neither these nor the ones mentioned above are available.

Discography

Fairuz possesses a large repertoire of around 1500 songs out of which only about 800 have been released.{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}} She has also been offered prestigious awards and titles over the years (see Fairuz Awards and Recognitions).

Around 85 Fairuz CDs, vinyls and cassettes have been officially released so far. Most of the songs that are featured on these albums were composed by the Rahbani brothers. Also featured are songs by Philemon Wehbe, Ziad Rahbani, Zaki Nassif, Mohamed Abd El Wahab, Najib Hankash and Mohamed Mohsen.

Many of Fairuz's numerous unreleased works date back to the 1950s and 1960s and were composed by the Rahbani Brothers (certain unreleased songs, the oldest of all, are by Halim el Roumi). A Fairuz album composed by Egyptian musician Riad Al Sunbati (who has worked with Umm Kulthum) was produced in 1980, but is unlikely to be released. There are also fifteen unreleased songs composed by Philemon Wehbe and 24 unreleased songs composed by Ziad Rahbani in the 1980s.

Fairuz has also released an album on Folkways Records, entitled Lebanon: The Baalbek Folk Festival.

Controversies

2008 Damascus concert

The 2008 concert in Damascus angered some of her fans and several Lebanese politicians who described Syria as "enemy territory in the grip of a brutal secret police force". Walid Jumblatt, leader of the Druze Progressive Socialist Party, accused Fairuz of "playing into the hands of Syrian intelligence services", while fellow party member Akram Chehayeb said that "those who love Lebanon do not sing for its jailers," in reference to the three decades long Syrian occupation of Lebanon. Even some Syrian opposition activists called on her to boycott the event. This came amid a political crisis in Lebanon between pro- and anti-Syria factions, as well as a renewed Syrian government crackdown on dissent that same day during which several people were arrested, including opposition figure Riad Seif and twelve other activists of the anti-government Damascus Declaration.

A poll conducted a week before the concert by NOW Lebanon, a Lebanese web portal sympathetic to the anti-Syria March 14 Alliance, showed that 67% of the respondents were opposed to Fairuz's appearance in Damascus, with one of the website's editorials saying that "this was not the moment for a musical love-in". Fairuz refrained from commenting on the controversy. However, in a letter to the event's organizers, she said that the concert should be viewed from a cultural perspective, and wrote: "Damascus is not a cultural capital for this year only, but will remain a role model of art, culture and authenticity for the coming generations". She also told the head of the organizers that she felt it was a return to her second home. Syrian commentator Ayman Abdelnour said that Fairuz was performing to the Syrian people, not their rulers. Her brother-in-law and former partner Mansour Rahbani also defended her decision to perform there, saying it was "a message of love and peace from Lebanon to Syria".^[19]^[20]^[26]

Lawsuits

Since many of the Rahbanis' works were co-written by Assi's brother Mansour, in June 2010, a year after Mansour's death in January 2009, a Lebanese court banned Fairuz from singing material that involved his contributions. The issue began when Mansour's children filed a lawsuit against Fairuz when she was set to perform the song "Ya'ish Ya'ish" at the Casino du Liban. As a result, Fairuz could not perform such works without Mansour's children's permission. The court's decision led to protests around the world in response to what her fans perceived as an act of "silencing". Hundreds gathered in front of the National Museum of Beirut, led by a number of Arab artists, including Egyptian actress Ilham Chahine who flew to Lebanon in order to join the sit-in. "She is a great artistic personality who has entertained millions for decades. We cannot keep silent over this humiliating attitude to her, and to art and artists in general. Fairouz to me is above all laws. She is like the mother whom, even when she errs, we are eager to forgive," Chahine added. Ian Black wrote on The Guardian: "Outrage over her silencing has been a reminder of the extraordinary loyalty she still inspires across the region". Other reactions included a protest concert in Egypt, and a "Shame!" headline displayed by Emirati newspaper Al-Ittihad.^[27]^[28]

Alleged political affiliations

Fairuz's son, Ziad Rahbani, sparked controversy in December 2013 during an interview with the Al-Ahed website when asked whether his mother shared his supportive stance on the political vision of Hassan Nasrallah, the leader of Hezbollah, a dominant but highly controversial political and military force in Lebanon. Ziad replied: "Fairuz is very fond of Sayyed Hassan [Nasrallah], although she will be displeased with me, as she was after my last television interview, when I revealed some personal information and she quickly interrupted me".^[29] There were strong reactions to this statement, which went viral on social media,^[30] and the country's different media outlets did not deviate from their political stances when reacting to Ziad's words.^[31] Politicians and celebrities stepped in as well, some of whom objected to affiliating Fairuz to one side of Lebanon's political divide over another, including Druze leader Walid Jumblatt who said: "Fairuz is too great to be criticized, and at the same time too great to be classified as belonging to this or that political camp". "Let us keep her in her supreme position, and not push her to something she has nothing to do with," Jumblatt added.^[32] Ziad, who claims to speak on his mother's behalf "because she prefers to remain silent", responded to his critics by saying: "Apparently it isn’t allowed in the age of strife for the princess of classy Arab art to voice love for the master of resistance".^[32] Nasrallah, commenting on the issue during a speech, stated: "An educated highly respected thinker and artist, who maybe espoused different ideologies, might disagree with you on political matters, but personally have [a] fondness for you, because of your character, conduct, sacrifices and so on. If such a person were to say that he or she liked someone, then all hell would break loose".^[29]

Personal life

Fairouz was born to a Syriac Orthodox family.^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36] She is of the Eastern Orthodox Christian faith,^[14]^[37]^[38] having converted when she married Assi Rahbani, one of the two Rahbani brothers who helped shape her singing career.^[39] She is also the mother of the Lebanese composer, pianist and playwright Ziad Rahbani, the late director Layal Rahbani, Lebanese director Rima Rahbani, and Haley Rahbani.^[34]

Style

In her performances, she is hieratic and melancholic, standing motionless in front of the microphone.

When questioned by Neil MacFarquhar about her seriousness, she answered that she still feels stage fright.

Legacy

Fairuz is the Arab world's most famous and most listened-to singer. For decades, almost all radio stations in the Arab world have been starting their morning broadcast with a Fairuz song.^[41]^[42]

The Guardian stated that "she sang the story of a Lebanon that never really existed" and "essentially helped build the identity of Lebanon, just 14 years after it became an independent country".^[43]

In 1997, Billboard stated "even after five decades at the top, (Fairuz) remains the supreme Diva of Lebanon".^[44] In 1999, The New York Times described her as "a living icon without equal" and stated that her emergence as a singer paralleled Lebanon's transformation from a backwater to the vibrant financial and cultural heart of the Arab world.^[45]

In a 2008 article, BBC described her as "the legendary Lebanese singer and greatest living Arab diva".^[46]

In an article about world music, The Independent stated "All young female singers in this region seem to be clones of her" and that "she's such an important artist that you have to get to grips with her".^[47]

In 1962, Fairuz's sales surpassed the 10 million mark becoming the first Arab female singer to achieve this number after Umm Kulthum. Fairuz's total sales pass the 20 million for the decade of the 1970s.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}

In August 1985, Fairuz performed in Bousra Roman Amphitheatre in Syria. About 30,000 people camped outside several days before the event. At her arrival in Damascus, president Hafez al-Assad bowed to her as he greeted her. "Bowing to the greatness of the Great One" was the headlining in the following day's newspapers.{{Cite quote|date=August 2017}}

In 1994, Fairuz was the star of the launch event of the Solidere Real Estates Company. It was her first concert in Lebanon since the end of the Lebanese Civil War and was held in Martyrs' Square, the separation area between East and West Beirut, to reunite the divided nation. Over 50,000 attended and the event broke TV ratings as 125 million Arabs watched her via satellite. Millions are said to have cried as a video of the Lebanese war was shown while she was singing the song "To Beirut".{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}} The King of Saudi Arabia declared, "It was when Fairuz’s voice soared from its heart that we knew Lebanon is finally back."{{Cite quote|date=August 2017}}

In 1998, she returned to perform at the Baalbeck International Festival after 25 years absence. Tickets sold out within the first day of sale and over 16,000 people filled up the three massive stadiums of Baalbeck pillars.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}

In 1999, she performed at the MGM Grand Arena, Las Vegas, where she is reported to have brought in the biggest crowd since Frank Sinatra. Well over 14,000 people were estimated to be inside the stadium and over 5,000 outside.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}

In July 2007, Fairuz became the first artist from the Arab World to perform in Greece, at the Odeon of Herodes Atticus, to a sold out venue filled with 9,000 people.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}

See also

References

1. ^{{cite news|title=Lebanese diva is voice of Arab world|agency= Associated Press|newspaper=Milwaukee Journal|date=4 October 1989|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cjAcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ESwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3170,4558316&dq=fairuz+nouhad&hl=en|access-date=}} {{dead link|date=August 2017}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/fairuz-mn0000163342/biography|title=Fairuz {{!}} Biography & History {{!}} AllMusic|website=AllMusic|access-date=2017-11-21}}
3. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.net/news/cultureandart/2016/11/23/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE|title=Aljazeera - فيروز من "جوار القمر" إلى عمق التاريخ|last=|first=|date=|work=|access-date=2017-11-21|language=ar}}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://mbc3.mbc.net/content/programs/characters-from-the-world/characters/fayrouz.html|title=المطربة فيروز|website=mbc3.mbc.net|language=ar|access-date=2017-11-21}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.zaytoday.com/event/details/50ab674131e99|title=في مثل هذا اليوم ولدت المغنية اللبنانية نهاد وديع "فيروزnohad hadda"|website=www.zaytoday.com|access-date=2017-11-21}}
6. ^{{cite web |title= Lebanese diva Fairuz's concert delights Syrian fans |url= http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gcai-V_hhTYTsU6-3wNqP2w-H_JQ |publisher= Agence France-Presse |date= January 28, 2009 |accessdate= 2009-09-28 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090707192334/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gcai-V_hhTYTsU6-3wNqP2w-H_JQ |archivedate= July 7, 2009 |df= }}
7. ^{{cite web |author= Khaled Yacoub |title= Lebanese diva arouses emotion, controversy in Syria |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSL2874028520080128?feedType=RSS&feedName=entertainmentNews |publisher= Reuters |date= January 28, 2008 |accessdate=2009-09-28}}
8. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.aljadid.com/music/fairouza_voice_star_mystery.html |title= Fairouz: a Voice, a Star, a Mystery |author= Sami Asmar |date= Spring 1995 |work= Al Jadid |accessdate= 14 January 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100123074747/http://www.aljadid.com/music/fairouza_voice_star_mystery.html |archive-date= 23 January 2010 |dead-url= yes |df= dmy-all }}
9. ^{{cite book |title= Fairouz – Legend and Legacy |last= Boulos |first= Sargon |year= 1981 |publisher= Forum for International Art and Culture |location= |isbn= |page= |pages= |url= http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/700/780/fairuz/legend/biography.html |accessdate= 14 January 2010}}
10. ^https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/list/arab-stars-on-the-global-stage/item/1/
11. ^FatmaAydemir, Sami Rustom: Libanesische Sängerin Fairouz: Die fremde Stimme, taz.de, 20. November 2014 (German)
12. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.annahar.com/newspaper/1066312-سبعون-بنت-سريانيةالتي-جاءت-من-ماردين | title="سبعون" البنت السريانية التي جاءت من ماردين | date=30 November 2005 | agency=An-Nahar | accessdate=December 28, 2012 | last=Atallah | first=Samir | authorlink=Samir Atallah | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509111644/http://www.annahar.com/newspaper/1066312-%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86 | archivedate=9 May 2013 | df= }}
13. ^{{Citation | first = صقر | last = أبو فخر | title = الدين والدهماء والدم: العرب وإستعصاء الحداثة | place = Beirut | publisher = المؤسسة العربية للنشر والدراسات | year = 2007 | page = 274 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kWZgujJL_F8C&lpg=PP1&pg=PT275#v=onepage&q=%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%20&f=false | isbn = 978-9953-36-946-4 }}
14. ^¹{{cite news|title=This Pop Diva Wows Them in Arabic|author=Neil Macfarquhar|work=The New York Times|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=980DE4D9153EF93BA25756C0A96F958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=|date=18 May 1999|access-date=2 May 2010}}
15. ^English and Arab text
16. ^[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=vr_5C88-H5wC&pg=P223&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false A Treasury of Kahlil Gibran, Open Road Media, 20 December 2011, p. 223]
17. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20081220204632/http://www.fairouz.com/fairouz/articles/arvb.html The Very Best of Fairuz]
18. ^{{cite news |title= Haunted by her songs of love, peace |author= Raed Rafei |newspaper= Los Angeles Times |date= 15 July 2007 |url= http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jul/15/entertainment/ca-fairuz15?pg=2 |accessdate= 14 January 2010}}
19. ^¹{{cite web | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7233601.stm | title=Lebanese diva opens Syrian hearts | publisher=BBC | date=7 February 2008 | accessdate=31 January 2015 | author=Sinjab, Lina}}
20. ^¹{{cite web | url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2008/0128/p04s02-wome.html | title=Fairouz fans angry over the diva's concert in Syria | publisher=The Christian Science Monitor | date=28 January 2008 | accessdate=31 January 2015 | author=Blanford, Nicholas}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.euronews.com/2017/06/21/lebanese-icon-fayrouz-new-album-release|title=Fayrouz gives glimpse of upcoming album|date=21 June 2017|website=Euronews|accessdate=10 July 2017}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/33/271349/Arts--Culture/Music/Lebanese-icon-Fayrouz-announces-release-of-new-sin.aspx|title=Lebanese icon Fayrouz announces release of new single 'Lameen' – Music – Arts & Culture|website=Al-Ahram|accessdate=10 July 2017}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.the961.com/lameen-fairouz-released-new-song/|title=Fairouz Just Released A New Song!|date=22 June 2017|publisher=The961|accessdate=10 July 2017}}{{Dead link|date=December 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
24. ^{{cite news|last=Blok|first=Arthur|title=Fairuz wows Amsterdam|url=http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=286152&MID=123&PID=2|accessdate=30 June 2011|newspaper=NOW Lebanon|date=27 June 2011|quote=Holland Festival organizers were literally glowing with pride as legendary singer Fairuz stepped on stage on Sunday night at Amsterdam’s Royal Theater Carré.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628014546/http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=286152&MID=123&PID=2|archive-date=June 28, 2011|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.elcinema.com/person/1029549/|title=فيروز – ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ – فيلموجرافيا، صور، فيديو|website=elCinema.com}}
26. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/01/28/us-syria-lebanon-diva-idUSL2874028520080128 | title=Lebanese diva arouses emotion, controversy in Syria | publisher=Reuters | date=28 January 2008 | accessdate=31 January 2015 | author=Oweis, Khaled Y.}}
27. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/29/fairouz-diva-middle-east | title=Fans lend their voices to Fairouz, the silenced diva | publisher=The Guardian | date=29 July 2010 | accessdate=31 January 2015 | author=Black, Ian}}
28. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/therecord/2010/07/30/128877303/how-a-royalty-dispute-may-silence-lebanese-star-fairouz | title=Royalty Dispute May Silence Fairouz | publisher=NPR | date=30 July 2010 | accessdate=31 January 2015 | author=Ganz, Jacob}}
29. ^¹{{cite web | url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/12/lebanon-fairouz-statement-hezbollah-nasrallah-controversy.html# | title=Famous diva's 'fondness' for Nasrallah stirs controversy | publisher=Al-Monitor | date=27 December 2013 | accessdate=31 January 2015 | author=Aziz, Jean}}
30. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2013/Dec-21/241895-nasrallah-and-jumblatt-weigh-in-on-fairouz-fallout.ashx | title=Nasrallah and Jumblatt weigh in on Fairouz fallout | publisher=The Daily Star | date=21 December 2013 | accessdate=1 February 2015}}
31. ^{{cite web | url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/dec/20/world/la-fg-wn-lebanese-singer-hezbollah-chief-20131220 | title=Lebanese singer stirs controversy with 'love' of Hezbollah chief | publisher=The Los Angeles Times | date=20 December 2013 | accessdate=1 February 2015 | author=Bulos, Nabih}}
32. ^¹{{cite web | url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/entertainment/2013/12/27/Uproar-over-legendary-Fairuz-s-love-of-Hezbollah-chief.html | title=Uproar over legendary Fairuz’s ‘love’ of Hezbollah chief | publisher=Al Arabiya | date=27 December 2013 | accessdate=1 February 2015 | author=McNamara, Whitney}}
33. ^{{cite web|title=Fairuz – Ambassadrice des Etoiles|publisher=Norient|url=http://www.norient.com/html/show_article.php?ID=30|date=July 21, 2001|accessdate=2008-03-21|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402034958/http://www.norient.com/html/show_article.php?ID=30|archivedate=April 2, 2008|df=}}
34. ^¹²{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&pg=PA393&dq=fairuz+christian#v=onepage&q=fairuz%20christian&f=false|title=World music: the rough guide. Africa, Europe and the Middle East, Volume 1|editor1=Simon Broughton|editor2=Mark Ellingham|editor3=Richard Trillo|publisher=Rough Guides|year=1999|ISBN= 9781858286358|page=393}}
35. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/4561001/Mansour-Rahbani.html|title=Mansour Rahbani: Obituary|publisher=The Telegraph|date=February 8, 2009}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fanoos.com/info/fairouz_info.html |title=Fairouz info |publisher=Fanoos.com |date=1935-11-21 |accessdate=2012-02-04}}
37. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O06bOHRW7s8C&pg=PA169&dq=fairuz+greek+orthodox#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=169|title=Popular Culture in the Arab World: arts, politics, and the media|author=Andrew Hammond|edition=Illustrated|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|year=2007|ISBN=9789774160547}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.arteeast.org/pages/artenews/nostalgias/132/|title="Our Eyes Travel to You Everyday" – The place of Jerusalem in the works of Fairouz and the Rahbani Brothers|author=Christopher Stone|publisher=ArteEast Quarterly|date=October 1, 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722014237/http://www.arteeast.org/pages/artenews/nostalgias/132/|archivedate=July 22, 2011|df=}}
39. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqntIZNecxMC&pg=PA147&dq=fairuz+greek+orthodox#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Popular culture and nationalism in Lebanon: the Fairouz and Rahbani nation|author=Christopher Reed Stone|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|ISBN= 9780203939321|page=147}}
40. ^Chapter 3 of The Media Relations Department of Hizbollah Wishes You a Happy Birthday: Unexpected Encounters in the Changing Middle East, Neil MacFarquhar. New York: Public Affairs Books, 2009. {{ISBN|978-1-58648-635-8}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/29/fairouz-diva-middle-east|title=Fans lend their voices to Fairouz, the silenced diva|first1=Ian|last1=Black|first2=Middle East|last2=editor|date=29 July 2010|publisher=|via=The Guardian}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/iconic-fairouz-remains-most-listened-arab-singer-she-turns-80-771638|title=Iconic Fairouz remains most listened-to Arab singer as she turns 80|date=22 November 2015|publisher=}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/jan/04/insider-cultural-guide-beirut-beautiful-rowdy-intoxicated-mess|title=An insider's cultural guide to Beirut: 'a beautiful, rowdy, intoxicated mess'|first=Nasri|last=Atallah|date=4 January 2016|publisher=|via=The Guardian}}
44. ^goo.gl/376cJk {{dead link|date=August 2017}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/18/arts/this-pop-diva-wows-em-in-arabic.html|title=This Pop Diva Wows 'Em In Arabic|first=Neil|last=Macfarquhar|date=18 May 1999|work=The New York Times}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7233601.stm|title=BBC News – Middle East – Lebanese diva opens Syrian hearts|website=news.bbc.co.uk}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/the-beginners-guide-to-world-music-5329928.html|title=The beginner's guide to world music|date=27 July 2006|publisher=}}

词条	Fairuz
释义	Early life Career 1960s – establishment of a new star 1970s – International fame and war in Lebanon 1980s – A new production team 1990s–present Live concerts Theatrical works Filmography Cinema Television Discography Controversies 2008 Damascus concert Lawsuits Alleged political affiliations Personal life Style Legacy See also References External links {{Multiple issues\|{{fanpov\|date=March 2015}}{{BLP sources\|date=February 2012}} }}{{Use mdy dates\|date=December 2018}}{{Infobox musical artist \| name = Fairuz فيروز \| image = Fairuz in btd concert 2001.jpg \| caption = Fairuz performing in 2001 \| background = solo_singer \| native_name = نهاد وديع حداد \| birth_name = Nouhad Haddad^[1] \| birth_date = {{birth date and age\|1934\|11\|21}} \| birth_place = Zuqaq al-Blat, Beirut, State of Greater Lebanon \| death_date = \| death_place = \| origin = Lebanon \| spouse = {{marriage\|Assi El Rahbani \|1955\|1986\|end=deceased}} \| children = 4 \| instrument = Vocals \| label = EMI, Virgin, Voix de l'Orient, Fayrouz Productions \| genre = {{hlist\|Arabic music\|Lebanese music}} \| occupation = {{hlist\|Singer\|Actress}} \| associated_acts = Nasri Shamseddine Wadih el Safi \| years_active = 1950–present \| website = http://www.fairouz.com }}Nouhad Wadie' Haddad ({{lang-ar\|نهاد وديع حداد}}; born November 21, 1934^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]), known as Fairuz ({{lang-ar\|فيروز\|links=no}}), also spelled Fairouz, Feyrouz or Fayrouz, is a Lebanesesinger who is one of the most admired and influential singers in the Arab world.^[6]^[7] Her songs are constantly heard across the region and broadcast on the radios each morning.^[8]^[9] She is also known as an icon in modern Arabic music and has sold over 150 million records worldwide, making her and Umm Kulthum the two best-selling Middle-Eastern artists of all time. ^[10] She was first noticed at the International Festival of Baalbeck, where she performed many of her songs. She became famous after appearing on the "Lebanese Nights" part of the festival for many successive years. Fairuz is commonly known as "Ambassador to the Stars", "Ambassador of the Arabs" after the title of one of her albums, "the Moon's Neighbour" for her song about the moon of Machgara, and the "Jewel of Lebanon". Early life Nouhad Haddad was born on November 21, 1934 in Lebanon into a Syriac and Maronite Christian family.^[11]^[12]^[13] Her father was born in Mardin, Turkey. The family later moved into a home in a cobblestone alley called Zuqaq el Blatt in Beirut. Living in a single room of a typical Lebanese stone house facing Beirut's Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate school, they shared a kitchen with the neighbours. Her father Wadīʿ was a Lebanese of the Syriac Orthodox faith,^[12]^[13] and worked as a typesetter in a print shop.^[14] Lisa El boustani, her mother, also Lebanese, but Maronite Christian, stayed home and took care of her four children, Nouhad, Youssef, Houda and Amal. Nouhad was a shy child and did not have many friends at school. However, she was very attached to her grandmother who lived in Debbieh (Shuf area), where Nouhad used to spend her summer holidays. Nouhad seemed to enjoy the rural village life. During the day, Nouhad would help her grandmother with house chores and fetch fresh water from a nearby water spring. She would sing all the way to the spring and back. In the evening, Nouhad would sit by the candlelight with her grandmother, who would tell her stories.{{Citation needed\|date=April 2016}} By the age of ten, Nouhad was already known at school for her unusual singing voice. She would sing regularly during school shows and on holidays. This was how she came to the attention of Mohammed Flayfel, a well known musician and a teacher at the Lebanese Conservatory, who happened to attend one of the school's shows in February 1950. Impressed by her voice and performance, he advised her to enroll in the conservatory, which she did. At first, Nouhad's conservative father was reluctant to send her to the conservatory; however, he eventually allowed her to go on condition that her brother accompany her. That having been said, Nouhad's family as a whole encouraged her in her musical career.{{Citation needed\|date=April 2016}} Mohammed Flayfel took a close interest in Nouhad's talent. Among other things, he taught her to recite verses from the Koran (in the recitative style known as Tajweed). On one occasion, Nouhad was heard singing by Halim el Roumi, head of the Lebanese radio station and a prominent musician in his own right (also the father of the famous Lebanese singer Majida Roumi). Roumi was impressed by her voice and noticed that it had a rare flexibility that allowed her to sing both Arabic and Western modes admirably. At Nouhad's request, El Roumi appointed her as a chorus singer at the radio station in Beirut and went on to compose several songs for her. He chose for her the stage name Fairuz, which is the Arabic word for turquoise. A short while later, Fairuz was introduced to the Rahbani brothers, Assi and Mansour, who also worked at the radio station as musicians, and they discovered her talent. The chemistry was instant, and soon after, Assi started to compose songs for Fairouz, one of which was "Itab" (the third song he composed for her), which was an immediate smash hit in all of the Arab world, establishing Fairuz as one of the most prominent Arab singers on the Arabic music scene. Assi and Fairuz were married on January 23, 1955. Fairuz and Assi had four children: Ziad, a musician and a composer, Layal (died in 1987 of a brain stroke), Hali (paralysed since early childhood after meningitis) and Rima, a photographer and film director.{{Citation needed\|date=April 2016}} Fairuz's first large-scale concert was in 1957, as part of the Baalbeck International Festival which took place under the patronage of the Lebanese President Camille Chamoun. She performed alongside the British prima ballerina Beryl Goldwyn and the Ballet Rambert. Fairuz was paid one Lebanese pound for that show. Musical operettas and concerts followed for many years, eventually establishing Fairuz as one of the most popular singers in Lebanon and throughout the Arab world. Career {{see also\|Timeline of Fairuz}} 1960s – establishment of a new star {{BLP unsourced section\|date=August 2017}} As the 1960s wore on, Fairuz became known as the "First Lady of Lebanese singing", as Halim Roumi dubbed her. During this period the Rahbani brothers wrote and composed for her hundreds of famous songs, most of their operettas, and three motion pictures. In 1969, Fairuz's songs were banned from the radio stations in Lebanon for six months because she refused to sing at a private concert in honour of Algerian President Houari Boumedienne. The incident only served to increase her popularity. Fairuz made it clear then and since that while always willing to sing to her public and to various countries and regions, she would never sing to any individual. 1970s – International fame and war in Lebanon {{BLP unsourced section\|date=April 2016}} In 1971, Fairuz's fame became international after her major North American tour, which was received with much excitement by the Arab-American and American community and yielded very positive reviews of the concerts. On September 22, 1972, Assi suffered a brain haemorrhage and was rushed to the hospital. Fans crowded outside the hospital praying for him and lighting candles. After three surgeries, Assi's brain haemorrhage was halted. Ziad Rahbani, the eldest son of Fairuz and Assi, at age 16, gave his mother the music of one of his unreleased songs "Akhadou el Helween" (that he had composed to be sung by Marwan Mahfouz in "Sahriyyi" Ziad's first play) and his uncle Mansour Rahbani re-wrote new lyrics for it to be called "Saalouni n'Nass" ("The People Asked Me") which talked about Fayrouz being on stage for the first time without Assi. Three months after suffering the haemorrhage, Assi attended the premiere performance of that musical Al Mahatta in Piccadilly Theatre on Hamra Street. Elias Rahbani, Assi's younger brother, took over the orchestration and musical arrangement for the performance. Fairuz made her first European TV appearance on French TV on May 24, 1975, in a "Carpentier special show" called "Numero 1" dedicated to French star Mireille Mathieu. She sang one of her big hits "Habbaytak Bissayf" and was thanked and embraced after performing it by Mireille Mathieu. Within a year, Assi had returned to composing and writing with his brother. They continued to produce musicals, which became increasingly political in nature. After the Lebanese Civil War erupted, the brothers continued to use political satire and sharp criticism in their plays. In 1977, their musical Petra was shown in both the Muslim western and Christian eastern portions of Beirut. In 1978, the trio toured Europe and the Persian Gulf nations, including a concert at the Paris Olympia. As a result of this busy schedule, Assi’s medical and mental health began to deteriorate. Fairuz and the brothers agreed to end their professional and personal relationship in 1979. Fairuz began to work with a production team helmed by her son, Ziad Rahbani, and Assi and Mansour composed for other artists such as Ronza. During the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990), Fairuz never left Lebanon to live abroad and did not hold any concerts there with the exception of the stage performance of the operetta Petra, which was performed in both the western and eastern parts of the then-divided Beirut in 1978. However, during that time period, Fairuz held many very successful and record-breaking concerts and tours in numerous countries around the world. 1980s – A new production team After the artistic divorce between Fairouz and the Rahbani brothers in 1979, Fairuz carried on with her son, composer Ziad Rahbani, his friend the lyricist Joseph Harb, and composer Philemon Wehbe. Fairuz made a second and final European Television appearance on French TV on October 13, 1988 in a show called Du côté de chez Fred. Fairuz, who had scheduled a concert at the POPB of Paris Bercy concert hall three days later on October 16, was the main guest of French TV presenter Frédéric Mitterrand. The program features footage of her rehearsals for her concert at Bercy in addition to the ceremony featuring then French Minister of Culture Jack Lang awarding Fairuz the medal of Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres. It also includes a video montage of her previous movies and concerts. In that show, Fairuz also sang the three songs "Ya hourrié", "Yara" and "Zaali tawwal". Her first CD, The Very Best of Fairuz was published in 1987 and contained the emblematic song "Aatini al Nay wa ghanni" (Give me the flute and sing)^[15] based on a poem in "The Procession"^[16] by Khalil Gibran. It was first sung at the end of the sixties.^[17] 1990s–present In the 1990s, Fairuz produced six albums (two Philemon Wehbe tributes with unreleased tracks included, a Zaki Nassif album, three Ziad Rahbani albums, and a tribute album to Assi Rahbani orchestrated by Ziad) and held a number of large-scale concerts, most notably the historic concert held at Beirut's Martyr's Square in September 1994 to launch the rebirth of the downtown district that was ravaged by the civil war. She appeared at the Baalbeck International Festival in 1998 after 25 years of self-imposed absence where she performed the highlights of three very successful plays that were presented in the 1960s and 1970s. She also performed a concert in Las Vegas at the MGM Grand Arena in 1999 which was attended by over 16,000 spectators, mostly Arabs. Ever since, Fairuz has held sold out concerts at the Beiteddine International Festival (Lebanon) from 2000 to 2003, Kuwait (2001), Paris (2002), the United States (2003), Amman (2004), Montreal (2005), Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Baalbeck, BIEL (2006), Athens,^[18] Amman (2007) Damascus, and Bahrain (2008). Fairuz now works exclusively with her composer son Ziad.{{Citation needed\|date=April 2016}} Her first album in the new millennium "Wala Keef", was released in 2002. On January 28, 2008, Fairuz performed at the Damascus Opera House in an emotional return to the Syrian capital, where she played the lead role in the musical Sah el-Nom (Good Morning), after more than two decades of absence from the country, in one of a series of events highlighting UNESCO's designation of Damascus as the Capital of Arab Culture that year. Commenting on the event, the BBC wrote: "Every day the sun rises over Syria you hear one voice across the country – Fairuz, the legendary Lebanese singer and greatest living Arab diva". Syrian historian, Sami Moubayed, said that the Syrians were thrilled about the performance and that Fairuz reminded them of the "good old days". People from all ages attended the concert and the auditorium was packed with listeners. Fairuz said that she had never seen such an audience in her life. However, her decision to perform there drew criticism from Lebanese politicians who considered Syria to be a hostile nation.^[19]^[20] Fairuz's new album entitled Eh... Fi Amal was released on October 7, 2010, produced by Fairuz productions and written entirely by Ziad Rahbani. Two concerts took place at BIEL Center in Beirut, Lebanon, on October 7 and 8. Later a concert in Bahrain was cancelled in March 2011. She performed in the Netherlands for the first time in Amsterdam on June 26, 2011. Fairuz's last appearance on stage was in Platea – Jounieh – Harer Sakher in December 2011, where she had 6 concerts extending from December 9 to 23.{{Citation needed\|date=April 2016}} Fairuz released her first album in seven years titled "Bebalee" on September 22, 2017. On June 21, 2017, her daughter Reema Rahbany released the first single from the album "Lameen". The song is a tribute for Fairouz's late husband Assi Rahbany and was released in commemoration of his anniversary. Lameen is inspired by the French song "Pour qui veille l'étoile" and was adapted into Arabic by Reema Rahbany.^[21]^[22]^[23] Live concerts Fairuz has performed in many countries around the globe including Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, France, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Netherlands,^[24] Greece, Canada, United States, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Italy, and her home country Lebanon. Fairuz has performed in many venues such as the Royal Albert Hall in London in 1962, the New York Carnegie Hall in 1971, the London Palladium in 1978, L'Olympia de Paris in 1979, London's Royal Festival Hall in 1986, the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles (1971, 1981, and 2003), the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington D.C. (1981 and 1987) among many others.{{Citation needed\|date=August 2017}} Fairuz, Assi, and Mansour have become the most famous and dominant music production phenomenon in the Arab world, and their music has spread beyond the Arab world to Europe, the Americas, and Australia.{{Citation needed\|date=August 2017}} Of Fairuz's numerous concerts, few have been released as official recordings. They are the Damascus 1960, Olympia 1979 concert (audio and video released in the 1980s), USA tour 1981, Jarash 1983, Royal Festival Hall London 1986, USA tour 1987, Baalbek 1998 (Video), Las Vegas 1999 concert (on DVD with make over and rehearsals), Beiteddine 2000 and Dubai 2001 (on DVD, it includes parts from concerts in 1997 and 2002 as well as rehearsals from 2001 and 2002 concerts, released May 2008). Filmed versions of other concerts exist: Kuwait 1966, Syria and Egypt 1976, Olympia 1979, Australia 1984, Syria 1985, Bahrain 1987, France 1988, Kuwait1989, Cairo 1989, London 1994, Beirut 1994, and parts of the four Beiteddine concerts (2000–2003), Parts of Dubai concerts (1990–2006), Paris 2002, Amman 2004, Canada 2005, parts of the play ''Sah Ennawm'' which was performed in Beirut (2006), Athens 2007 and Bahrain 2008. On June 26, 2011 Fairuz performed in the Royal Carre Theater in Amsterdam, Netherlands. In December 2011, Fairuz performed 5 concerts on Platea Theatre in Sahel Alma in Lebanon, on December 9, 10, 16, 17 and 23, where the theater accommodates approximately 4,000 persons.{{Citation needed\|date=August 2017}} Theatrical works {{BLP unsourced section\|date=August 2017}} Musical plays or operettas were the cornerstone works of the Rahbani Trio, Fairuz, Assi and Mansour. The Rahbani Brothers produced 25 popular musical plays (20 with Fairuz) over a period of more than 30 years. They were possibly the first to produce world-class Arabic musical theatre. The musicals combined storyline, lyrics and dialogue, musical composition varying widely from Lebanese folkloric and rhythmic modes to classical, westernized, and oriental songs, orchestration, and the voice and acting of Fairuz. She played the lead roles alongside singers/actors Nasri Shamseddine, Wadih El Safi, Antoine Kerbaje, Elie Shouayri (Chouayri), Hoda (Fairuz's younger sister), William Haswani, Raja Badr, Siham Chammas (Shammas), Georgette Sayegh and many others. The Rahbani plays expressed patriotism, unrequited love and nostalgia for village life, comedy, drama, philosophy, and contemporary politics. The songs performed by Fairuz as part of the plays have become immensely popular among the Lebanese and Arabs around the world. The Fairuz-Rahbani collaboration produced the following musicals (in chronological order): Ayyam al Hassad (Days of Harvest – 1957) Al 'Urs fi l’Qarya (The Wedding in the Village – 1959) Al Ba'albakiya (The Girl from Baalbek) – 1961) Jisr el Amar] (Bridge of the Moon – 1962) Awdet el 'Askar (The Return of the Soldiers – 1962) Al Layl wal Qandil] (The Night and the Lantern – 1963) Biyya'el Khawatem (Ring Salesman – 1964) Ayyam Fakhreddine (The Days of Fakhreddine – 1966) Hala wal Malik (Hala and the King – 1967) Ach Chakhs (The Person – 1968–1969) Jibal Al Sawwan (Sawwan Mountains – 1969) Ya'ich Ya'ich (Long Live, Long Live – 1970) Sah Ennawm (Did you sleep well? – 1970–1971 – 2006–2008) Nass min Wara' (People Made out of Paper – 1971–1972) Natourit al Mafatih (The Guardian of the Keys – 1972) Al Mahatta (The Station – 1973) Loulou – 1974 Mais el Reem (The Deer's Meadow – 1975) Petra – 1977–1978 Most of the musical plays were recorded and video-taped. Eighteen of them have been officially released on audio CD, two on DVD (Mais el Reem and Loulou). An unauthorized version of Petra and one such live version of Mais el Reem in black and white exist. Ayyam al Hassad (Days of Harvest) was never recorded and Al 'Urs fi l’Qarya (The Marriage in the Village) has not yet been released (yet an unofficial audio record is available). Filmography Cinema The Rings Salesman (Biya' Al Khawatem) 1965 The Exile (Safar Barlek) 1967 Guard's Daughter (Bint Al Haress) 1968^[25] Television Lebanese Television has featured appearances by Fairuz in the following television programmes: Al Iswara (The Bracelet) Day'it El Aghani (Village of Songs) Layali As'Saad (Nights of Happiness) Al Quds fil Bal (Jerusalem in my Mind) Dafater El Layl (Night Memoirs) Maa Al Hikayat (With Stories) Sahret Hobb (Romantic Evening) Qasidat Hobb (A Love Poem), also presented as a musical show in Baalbeck in 1973 Other television programmes and appearances have been recorded for Syrian and Lebanese TV alike, though neither these nor the ones mentioned above are available. Discography {{Main\|Fairuz discography}} Fairuz possesses a large repertoire of around 1500 songs out of which only about 800 have been released.{{Citation needed\|date=April 2016}} She has also been offered prestigious awards and titles over the years (see Fairuz Awards and Recognitions). Around 85 Fairuz CDs, vinyls and cassettes have been officially released so far. Most of the songs that are featured on these albums were composed by the Rahbani brothers. Also featured are songs by Philemon Wehbe, Ziad Rahbani, Zaki Nassif, Mohamed Abd El Wahab, Najib Hankash and Mohamed Mohsen. Many of Fairuz's numerous unreleased works date back to the 1950s and 1960s and were composed by the Rahbani Brothers (certain unreleased songs, the oldest of all, are by Halim el Roumi). A Fairuz album composed by Egyptian musician Riad Al Sunbati (who has worked with Umm Kulthum) was produced in 1980, but is unlikely to be released. There are also fifteen unreleased songs composed by Philemon Wehbe and 24 unreleased songs composed by Ziad Rahbani in the 1980s. Fairuz has also released an album on Folkways Records, entitled Lebanon: The Baalbek Folk Festival. Controversies 2008 Damascus concert The 2008 concert in Damascus angered some of her fans and several Lebanese politicians who described Syria as "enemy territory in the grip of a brutal secret police force". Walid Jumblatt, leader of the Druze Progressive Socialist Party, accused Fairuz of "playing into the hands of Syrian intelligence services", while fellow party member Akram Chehayeb said that "those who love Lebanon do not sing for its jailers," in reference to the three decades long Syrian occupation of Lebanon. Even some Syrian opposition activists called on her to boycott the event. This came amid a political crisis in Lebanon between pro- and anti-Syria factions, as well as a renewed Syrian government crackdown on dissent that same day during which several people were arrested, including opposition figure Riad Seif and twelve other activists of the anti-government Damascus Declaration. A poll conducted a week before the concert by NOW Lebanon, a Lebanese web portal sympathetic to the anti-Syria March 14 Alliance, showed that 67% of the respondents were opposed to Fairuz's appearance in Damascus, with one of the website's editorials saying that "this was not the moment for a musical love-in". Fairuz refrained from commenting on the controversy. However, in a letter to the event's organizers, she said that the concert should be viewed from a cultural perspective, and wrote: "Damascus is not a cultural capital for this year only, but will remain a role model of art, culture and authenticity for the coming generations". She also told the head of the organizers that she felt it was a return to her second home. Syrian commentator Ayman Abdelnour said that Fairuz was performing to the Syrian people, not their rulers. Her brother-in-law and former partner Mansour Rahbani also defended her decision to perform there, saying it was "a message of love and peace from Lebanon to Syria".^[19]^[20]^[26] Lawsuits Since many of the Rahbanis' works were co-written by Assi's brother Mansour, in June 2010, a year after Mansour's death in January 2009, a Lebanese court banned Fairuz from singing material that involved his contributions. The issue began when Mansour's children filed a lawsuit against Fairuz when she was set to perform the song "Ya'ish Ya'ish" at the Casino du Liban. As a result, Fairuz could not perform such works without Mansour's children's permission. The court's decision led to protests around the world in response to what her fans perceived as an act of "silencing". Hundreds gathered in front of the National Museum of Beirut, led by a number of Arab artists, including Egyptian actress Ilham Chahine who flew to Lebanon in order to join the sit-in. "She is a great artistic personality who has entertained millions for decades. We cannot keep silent over this humiliating attitude to her, and to art and artists in general. Fairouz to me is above all laws. She is like the mother whom, even when she errs, we are eager to forgive," Chahine added. Ian Black wrote on The Guardian: "Outrage over her silencing has been a reminder of the extraordinary loyalty she still inspires across the region". Other reactions included a protest concert in Egypt, and a "Shame!" headline displayed by Emirati newspaper Al-Ittihad.^[27]^[28] Alleged political affiliations Fairuz's son, Ziad Rahbani, sparked controversy in December 2013 during an interview with the Al-Ahed website when asked whether his mother shared his supportive stance on the political vision of Hassan Nasrallah, the leader of Hezbollah, a dominant but highly controversial political and military force in Lebanon. Ziad replied: "Fairuz is very fond of Sayyed Hassan [Nasrallah], although she will be displeased with me, as she was after my last television interview, when I revealed some personal information and she quickly interrupted me".^[29] There were strong reactions to this statement, which went viral on social media,^[30] and the country's different media outlets did not deviate from their political stances when reacting to Ziad's words.^[31] Politicians and celebrities stepped in as well, some of whom objected to affiliating Fairuz to one side of Lebanon's political divide over another, including Druze leader Walid Jumblatt who said: "Fairuz is too great to be criticized, and at the same time too great to be classified as belonging to this or that political camp". "Let us keep her in her supreme position, and not push her to something she has nothing to do with," Jumblatt added.^[32] Ziad, who claims to speak on his mother's behalf "because she prefers to remain silent", responded to his critics by saying: "Apparently it isn’t allowed in the age of strife for the princess of classy Arab art to voice love for the master of resistance".^[32] Nasrallah, commenting on the issue during a speech, stated: "An educated highly respected thinker and artist, who maybe espoused different ideologies, might disagree with you on political matters, but personally have [a] fondness for you, because of your character, conduct, sacrifices and so on. If such a person were to say that he or she liked someone, then all hell would break loose".^[29] Personal life Fairouz was born to a Syriac Orthodox family.^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36] She is of the Eastern Orthodox Christian faith,^[14]^[37]^[38] having converted when she married Assi Rahbani, one of the two Rahbani brothers who helped shape her singing career.^[39] She is also the mother of the Lebanese composer, pianist and playwright Ziad Rahbani, the late director Layal Rahbani, Lebanese director Rima Rahbani, and Haley Rahbani.^[34] Style In her performances, she is hieratic and melancholic, standing motionless in front of the microphone. When questioned by Neil MacFarquhar about her seriousness, she answered that she still feels stage fright. She claims to sing as if she were praying.^[40] Legacy Fairuz is the Arab world's most famous and most listened-to singer. For decades, almost all radio stations in the Arab world have been starting their morning broadcast with a Fairuz song.^[41]^[42] The Guardian stated that "she sang the story of a Lebanon that never really existed" and "essentially helped build the identity of Lebanon, just 14 years after it became an independent country".^[43] In 1997, Billboard stated "even after five decades at the top, (Fairuz) remains the supreme Diva of Lebanon".^[44] In 1999, The New York Times described her as "a living icon without equal" and stated that her emergence as a singer paralleled Lebanon's transformation from a backwater to the vibrant financial and cultural heart of the Arab world.^[45] In a 2008 article, BBC described her as "the legendary Lebanese singer and greatest living Arab diva".^[46] In an article about world music, The Independent stated "All young female singers in this region seem to be clones of her" and that "she's such an important artist that you have to get to grips with her".^[47] In 1962, Fairuz's sales surpassed the 10 million mark becoming the first Arab female singer to achieve this number after Umm Kulthum. Fairuz's total sales pass the 20 million for the decade of the 1970s.{{Citation needed\|date=August 2017}} In August 1985, Fairuz performed in Bousra Roman Amphitheatre in Syria. About 30,000 people camped outside several days before the event. At her arrival in Damascus, president Hafez al-Assad bowed to her as he greeted her. "Bowing to the greatness of the Great One" was the headlining in the following day's newspapers.{{Cite quote\|date=August 2017}} In 1994, Fairuz was the star of the launch event of the Solidere Real Estates Company. It was her first concert in Lebanon since the end of the Lebanese Civil War and was held in Martyrs' Square, the separation area between East and West Beirut, to reunite the divided nation. Over 50,000 attended and the event broke TV ratings as 125 million Arabs watched her via satellite. Millions are said to have cried as a video of the Lebanese war was shown while she was singing the song "To Beirut".{{Citation needed\|date=August 2017}} The King of Saudi Arabia declared, "It was when Fairuz’s voice soared from its heart that we knew Lebanon is finally back."{{Cite quote\|date=August 2017}} In 1998, she returned to perform at the Baalbeck International Festival after 25 years absence. Tickets sold out within the first day of sale and over 16,000 people filled up the three massive stadiums of Baalbeck pillars.{{Citation needed\|date=August 2017}} In 1999, she performed at the MGM Grand Arena, Las Vegas, where she is reported to have brought in the biggest crowd since Frank Sinatra. Well over 14,000 people were estimated to be inside the stadium and over 5,000 outside.{{Citation needed\|date=August 2017}} In July 2007, Fairuz became the first artist from the Arab World to perform in Greece, at the Odeon of Herodes Atticus, to a sold out venue filled with 9,000 people.{{Citation needed\|date=August 2017}} See also List of Lebanese people Rahbani brothers Ziad Rahbani Sabah Wadih El Safi Zaki Nassif References 1. ^{{cite news\|title=Lebanese diva is voice of Arab world\|agency= Associated Press\|newspaper=Milwaukee Journal\|date=4 October 1989\|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cjAcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ESwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3170,4558316&dq=fairuz+nouhad&hl=en\|access-date=}} {{dead link\|date=August 2017}} 2. ^{{Cite web\|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/fairuz-mn0000163342/biography\|title=Fairuz {{!}} Biography & History {{!}} AllMusic\|website=AllMusic\|access-date=2017-11-21}} 3. ^{{Cite news\|url=http://www.aljazeera.net/news/cultureandart/2016/11/23/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE\|title=Aljazeera - فيروز من "جوار القمر" إلى عمق التاريخ\|last=\|first=\|date=\|work=\|access-date=2017-11-21\|language=ar}} 4. ^{{Cite web\|url=http://mbc3.mbc.net/content/programs/characters-from-the-world/characters/fayrouz.html\|title=المطربة فيروز\|website=mbc3.mbc.net\|language=ar\|access-date=2017-11-21}} 5. ^{{Cite web\|url=http://www.zaytoday.com/event/details/50ab674131e99\|title=في مثل هذا اليوم ولدت المغنية اللبنانية نهاد وديع "فيروزnohad hadda"\|website=www.zaytoday.com\|access-date=2017-11-21}} 6. ^{{cite web \|title= Lebanese diva Fairuz's concert delights Syrian fans \|url= http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gcai-V_hhTYTsU6-3wNqP2w-H_JQ \|publisher= Agence France-Presse \|date= January 28, 2009 \|accessdate= 2009-09-28 \|deadurl= yes \|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090707192334/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gcai-V_hhTYTsU6-3wNqP2w-H_JQ \|archivedate= July 7, 2009 \|df= }} 7. ^{{cite web \|author= Khaled Yacoub \|title= Lebanese diva arouses emotion, controversy in Syria \|url= https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSL2874028520080128?feedType=RSS&feedName=entertainmentNews \|publisher= Reuters \|date= January 28, 2008 \|accessdate=2009-09-28}} 8. ^{{cite web \|url= http://www.aljadid.com/music/fairouza_voice_star_mystery.html \|title= Fairouz: a Voice, a Star, a Mystery \|author= Sami Asmar \|date= Spring 1995 \|work= Al Jadid \|accessdate= 14 January 2010 \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100123074747/http://www.aljadid.com/music/fairouza_voice_star_mystery.html \|archive-date= 23 January 2010 \|dead-url= yes \|df= dmy-all }} 9. ^{{cite book \|title= Fairouz – Legend and Legacy \|last= Boulos \|first= Sargon \|year= 1981 \|publisher= Forum for International Art and Culture \|location= \|isbn= \|page= \|pages= \|url= http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/700/780/fairuz/legend/biography.html \|accessdate= 14 January 2010}} 10. ^https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/list/arab-stars-on-the-global-stage/item/1/ 11. ^FatmaAydemir, Sami Rustom: Libanesische Sängerin Fairouz: Die fremde Stimme, taz.de, 20. November 2014 (German) 12. ^{{cite news \| url=http://www.annahar.com/newspaper/1066312-سبعون-بنت-سريانيةالتي-جاءت-من-ماردين \| title="سبعون" البنت السريانية التي جاءت من ماردين \| date=30 November 2005 \| agency=An-Nahar \| accessdate=December 28, 2012 \| last=Atallah \| first=Samir \| authorlink=Samir Atallah \| deadurl=yes \| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509111644/http://www.annahar.com/newspaper/1066312-%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86 \| archivedate=9 May 2013 \| df= }} 13. ^{{Citation \| first = صقر \| last = أبو فخر \| title = الدين والدهماء والدم: العرب وإستعصاء الحداثة \| place = Beirut \| publisher = المؤسسة العربية للنشر والدراسات \| year = 2007 \| page = 274 \| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kWZgujJL_F8C&lpg=PP1&pg=PT275#v=onepage&q=%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%20&f=false \| isbn = 978-9953-36-946-4 }} 14. ^¹{{cite news\|title=This Pop Diva Wows Them in Arabic\|author=Neil Macfarquhar\|work=The New York Times\|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=980DE4D9153EF93BA25756C0A96F958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=\|date=18 May 1999\|access-date=2 May 2010}} 15. ^English and Arab text 16. ^[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=vr_5C88-H5wC&pg=P223&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false A Treasury of Kahlil Gibran, Open Road Media, 20 December 2011, p. 223] 17. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20081220204632/http://www.fairouz.com/fairouz/articles/arvb.html The Very Best of Fairuz] 18. ^{{cite news \|title= Haunted by her songs of love, peace \|author= Raed Rafei \|newspaper= Los Angeles Times \|date= 15 July 2007 \|url= http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jul/15/entertainment/ca-fairuz15?pg=2 \|accessdate= 14 January 2010}} 19. ^¹{{cite web \| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7233601.stm \| title=Lebanese diva opens Syrian hearts \| publisher=BBC \| date=7 February 2008 \| accessdate=31 January 2015 \| author=Sinjab, Lina}} 20. ^¹{{cite web \| url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2008/0128/p04s02-wome.html \| title=Fairouz fans angry over the diva's concert in Syria \| publisher=The Christian Science Monitor \| date=28 January 2008 \| accessdate=31 January 2015 \| author=Blanford, Nicholas}} 21. ^{{cite web\|url=http://www.euronews.com/2017/06/21/lebanese-icon-fayrouz-new-album-release\|title=Fayrouz gives glimpse of upcoming album\|date=21 June 2017\|website=Euronews\|accessdate=10 July 2017}} 22. ^{{cite web\|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/33/271349/Arts--Culture/Music/Lebanese-icon-Fayrouz-announces-release-of-new-sin.aspx\|title=Lebanese icon Fayrouz announces release of new single 'Lameen' – Music – Arts & Culture\|website=Al-Ahram\|accessdate=10 July 2017}} 23. ^{{cite web\|url=https://www.the961.com/lameen-fairouz-released-new-song/\|title=Fairouz Just Released A New Song!\|date=22 June 2017\|publisher=The961\|accessdate=10 July 2017}}{{Dead link\|date=December 2018 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }} 24. ^{{cite news\|last=Blok\|first=Arthur\|title=Fairuz wows Amsterdam\|url=http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=286152&MID=123&PID=2\|accessdate=30 June 2011\|newspaper=NOW Lebanon\|date=27 June 2011\|quote=Holland Festival organizers were literally glowing with pride as legendary singer Fairuz stepped on stage on Sunday night at Amsterdam’s Royal Theater Carré.\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628014546/http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=286152&MID=123&PID=2\|archive-date=June 28, 2011\|dead-url=yes\|df=mdy-all}} 25. ^{{cite web\|url=http://www.elcinema.com/person/1029549/\|title=فيروز – ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ – فيلموجرافيا، صور، فيديو\|website=elCinema.com}} 26. ^{{cite web \| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/01/28/us-syria-lebanon-diva-idUSL2874028520080128 \| title=Lebanese diva arouses emotion, controversy in Syria \| publisher=Reuters \| date=28 January 2008 \| accessdate=31 January 2015 \| author=Oweis, Khaled Y.}} 27. ^{{cite web \| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/29/fairouz-diva-middle-east \| title=Fans lend their voices to Fairouz, the silenced diva \| publisher=The Guardian \| date=29 July 2010 \| accessdate=31 January 2015 \| author=Black, Ian}} 28. ^{{cite web \| url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/therecord/2010/07/30/128877303/how-a-royalty-dispute-may-silence-lebanese-star-fairouz \| title=Royalty Dispute May Silence Fairouz \| publisher=NPR \| date=30 July 2010 \| accessdate=31 January 2015 \| author=Ganz, Jacob}} 29. ^¹{{cite web \| url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/12/lebanon-fairouz-statement-hezbollah-nasrallah-controversy.html# \| title=Famous diva's 'fondness' for Nasrallah stirs controversy \| publisher=Al-Monitor \| date=27 December 2013 \| accessdate=31 January 2015 \| author=Aziz, Jean}} 30. ^{{cite web \| url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2013/Dec-21/241895-nasrallah-and-jumblatt-weigh-in-on-fairouz-fallout.ashx \| title=Nasrallah and Jumblatt weigh in on Fairouz fallout \| publisher=The Daily Star \| date=21 December 2013 \| accessdate=1 February 2015}} 31. ^{{cite web \| url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/dec/20/world/la-fg-wn-lebanese-singer-hezbollah-chief-20131220 \| title=Lebanese singer stirs controversy with 'love' of Hezbollah chief \| publisher=The Los Angeles Times \| date=20 December 2013 \| accessdate=1 February 2015 \| author=Bulos, Nabih}} 32. ^¹{{cite web \| url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/entertainment/2013/12/27/Uproar-over-legendary-Fairuz-s-love-of-Hezbollah-chief.html \| title=Uproar over legendary Fairuz’s ‘love’ of Hezbollah chief \| publisher=Al Arabiya \| date=27 December 2013 \| accessdate=1 February 2015 \| author=McNamara, Whitney}} 33. ^{{cite web\|title=Fairuz – Ambassadrice des Etoiles\|publisher=Norient\|url=http://www.norient.com/html/show_article.php?ID=30\|date=July 21, 2001\|accessdate=2008-03-21\|deadurl=yes\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402034958/http://www.norient.com/html/show_article.php?ID=30\|archivedate=April 2, 2008\|df=}} 34. ^¹²{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&pg=PA393&dq=fairuz+christian#v=onepage&q=fairuz%20christian&f=false\|title=World music: the rough guide. Africa, Europe and the Middle East, Volume 1\|editor1=Simon Broughton\|editor2=Mark Ellingham\|editor3=Richard Trillo\|publisher=Rough Guides\|year=1999\|ISBN= 9781858286358\|page=393}} 35. ^¹{{cite web\|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/4561001/Mansour-Rahbani.html\|title=Mansour Rahbani: Obituary\|publisher=The Telegraph\|date=February 8, 2009}} 36. ^{{cite web\|url=http://www.fanoos.com/info/fairouz_info.html \|title=Fairouz info \|publisher=Fanoos.com \|date=1935-11-21 \|accessdate=2012-02-04}} 37. ^{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O06bOHRW7s8C&pg=PA169&dq=fairuz+greek+orthodox#v=onepage&q&f=false\|page=169\|title=Popular Culture in the Arab World: arts, politics, and the media\|author=Andrew Hammond\|edition=Illustrated\|publisher=American University in Cairo Press\|year=2007\|ISBN=9789774160547}} 38. ^{{cite web\|url=http://www.arteeast.org/pages/artenews/nostalgias/132/\|title="Our Eyes Travel to You Everyday" – The place of Jerusalem in the works of Fairouz and the Rahbani Brothers\|author=Christopher Stone\|publisher=ArteEast Quarterly\|date=October 1, 2007\|deadurl=yes\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722014237/http://www.arteeast.org/pages/artenews/nostalgias/132/\|archivedate=July 22, 2011\|df=}} 39. ^{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqntIZNecxMC&pg=PA147&dq=fairuz+greek+orthodox#v=onepage&q&f=false\|title=Popular culture and nationalism in Lebanon: the Fairouz and Rahbani nation\|author=Christopher Reed Stone\|publisher=Routledge\|year=2008\|ISBN= 9780203939321\|page=147}} 40. ^Chapter 3 of The Media Relations Department of Hizbollah Wishes You a Happy Birthday: Unexpected Encounters in the Changing Middle East, Neil MacFarquhar. New York: Public Affairs Books, 2009. {{ISBN\|978-1-58648-635-8}} 41. ^{{cite web\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/29/fairouz-diva-middle-east\|title=Fans lend their voices to Fairouz, the silenced diva\|first1=Ian\|last1=Black\|first2=Middle East\|last2=editor\|date=29 July 2010\|publisher=\|via=The Guardian}} 42. ^{{cite web\|url=http://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/iconic-fairouz-remains-most-listened-arab-singer-she-turns-80-771638\|title=Iconic Fairouz remains most listened-to Arab singer as she turns 80\|date=22 November 2015\|publisher=}} 43. ^{{cite web\|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/jan/04/insider-cultural-guide-beirut-beautiful-rowdy-intoxicated-mess\|title=An insider's cultural guide to Beirut: 'a beautiful, rowdy, intoxicated mess'\|first=Nasri\|last=Atallah\|date=4 January 2016\|publisher=\|via=The Guardian}} 44. ^goo.gl/376cJk {{dead link\|date=August 2017}} 45. ^{{cite web\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/18/arts/this-pop-diva-wows-em-in-arabic.html\|title=This Pop Diva Wows 'Em In Arabic\|first=Neil\|last=Macfarquhar\|date=18 May 1999\|work=The New York Times}} 46. ^{{cite web\|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7233601.stm\|title=BBC News – Middle East – Lebanese diva opens Syrian hearts\|website=news.bbc.co.uk}} 47. ^{{cite web\|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/the-beginners-guide-to-world-music-5329928.html\|title=The beginner's guide to world music\|date=27 July 2006\|publisher=}} External links {{Portal\|Lebanon\|Biography}}{{Wikiquote}}{{commonscatinline}} {{official\|http://www.fairouz.com}} [https://fairouziyat.com/ Fairuz songs' lyrics, with information on musicians/lyricists (Arabic)] [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/03/world/middleeast/03beirut.html A Diva Brightens a Dark Time in Beirut] (2006 article in The New York Times) {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Fairuz}} 16 : 1935 births\|Living people\|Eastern Orthodox Christians from Lebanon\|Lebanese people of Assyrian descent\|Former Maronite Christians\|Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Catholicism\|Singers who perform in Classical Arabic\|Lebanese female singers\|EMI Records artists\|EMI Classics and Virgin Classics artists\|Middle Eastern Christians\|Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur\|Recipients of the Order of Merit (Lebanon)\|Recipients of the National Order of the Cedar\|Virgin Records artists\|Performers of Christian music in Arabic
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