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词条 Supreme Court of the Netherlands
释义

  1. History

      Second World War  

  2. Authority

  3. Composition

      Current Justices  

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

{{Infobox high court
| court_name = Supreme Court of the Netherlands
| native_name = {{native name|nl|Hoge Raad der Nederlanden}}
| image = Supreme Court of the Netherlands, The Hague 06.jpg
| image size = 300
| motto = Ubi iudicia deficiunt incipit bellum
| caption = {{small|Supreme Court of the Netherlands, The Hague}}
| established = 1 October 1838
| country = Netherlands (including Curaçao, {{nowrap|Sint Maarten}} and Aruba)
| location = The Hague, Netherlands
| coordinates = {{Coord|52|5|0.52|N|4|18|41.85|E|display=inline,title}}
| type = Selected by the House of Representatives on advice of the Supreme Court and appointed by royal decree
| authority = Constitution of the Netherlands
Statute of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
| terms = Life tenure with mandatory retirement at the age of 70
| positions = Varies (currently 36)
| website = {{URL|www.hogeraad.nl}}
| chiefjudgetitle = President of the Supreme Court
| chiefjudgename = Maarten Feteris
| termstart = 1 November 2014[1]
| termend =
| termend2 =
}}{{Politics of the Netherlands}}

The Supreme Court of the Netherlands ({{lang-nl|Hoge Raad der Nederlanden}} {{IPA-nl|ˈɦoːɣə raːdɛr ˈneːdərlɑndə(n)|}}[1] or simply Hoge Raad), officially the High Council of the Netherlands, is the final court of appeal in civil, criminal and tax cases in the Netherlands, including Curaçao, Sint Maarten and Aruba.[3] The Court was established on 1 October 1838 and is located in The Hague.[4]

The Supreme Court rules civil and criminal matters. In certain administrative cases it has final jurisdiction as well, while in other cases this jurisdiction rests with the adjudicative division of the Council of State (Raad van State), the Central Appeals Tribunal ({{Lang|nl|Centrale Raad van Beroep}}), the Trade and Industry Appeals Tribunal ({{Lang|nl|College van Beroep van het bedrijfsleven}}) as well as judicial institutions in the Caribbean part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Court is a court of cassation, which means that it has the competence to quash or affirm rulings of lower courts, but no competence to re-examine or question the facts. It only considers whether the lower courts applied the law correctly and the rulings have sufficient reasoning.[5] In so doing it establishes case law. According to Article 120 of the Constitution, courts may not rule on the constitutionality of laws passed by the States General and treaties. With the exception of the Constitutional Court of Sint Maarten courts (which rules on constitutionality with regards to the Sint Maarten constitution only) have thus no competence for judicial review with respect to the Constitution.[6][7]

The Supreme Court currently consists of 36 judges: a president, six vice presidents, twenty-five justices ({{Lang|nl|raadsheren}}, literally "Lords of the Council") and four justices extraordinary ({{Lang|nl|buitengewone dienst}}).[2] All judges are appointed for life, until they retire at their own request or mandatorily at the age of 70.[9]

History

The development of {{Lang|fr|cassation}} in the Netherlands was heavily influenced by the French during the Batavian Revolution at the end of 18th century. The establishment of the Supreme Court on 1838 brought an end to the Great Council of Mechelen and its successor the Hoge Raad van Holland en Zeeland, which both served as high appellate courts.[4]

Second World War

During the German occupation, the Supreme Court kept functioning. In November 1940 the German occupiers forced its President, Lodewijk Ernst Visser, to resign because he was Jewish. Visser's colleagues did not protest. The members who remained also signed a compulsory declaration about Aryans.

After the liberation, people reproached the Court for a weak and legalistic attitude. The Court wished above all to guarantee the continuity of its jurisdiction and not to become involved in politics. However such chances as there were to take a stand on principle against the Germans were largely missed. The Justices either omitted to give a moral example or felt they were not in a position to do so.[11]

This was demonstrated in a so-called "Test sentence", (Supreme Court, 12 January 1942, NJ 1942/271), in which the Supreme Court ruled that a Dutch judge could not contest the decrees of the occupying force on the basis of international law, in particular the 1907 regulation prescribed for a country at war. In this the Supreme Court followed the advice of the barrister-general A. Rombach. The judgment concerned a case in which a man was sentenced by the economic judge for an "economic offence" (the purchase of pork without valid coupons). The counsel for the accused, P. Groeneboom, argued in his defense before the Supreme Court on 27 October 1941 that the judge had the authority to challenge the regulations of the occupying force on the basis of the regulation prescribed for a country at war, the decree of the Führer and the first regulation of the government commissioner. When the Supreme Court (in a judgment of 12 January 1942) denied the possibility of contesting rules issued by the German government, the Netherlands followed what was the rule in Germany and Italy too. On the basis of two emergency measures Hitler had the authority to issue incontestable rules, and the legal establishment acknowledged not it was not allowed to challenge "political" measures. "Political" in this case was what the political authorities considered to be political. In Italy the Court of Appeal recognized the free authority of Mussolini and the judge's lack of authority to control it.[12] Meihuizen says about the Dutch test sentence: "A sentence with far-reaching consequences because with this, barristers were not given the chance to bring before the judge the question of the validity of legislation which had been issued by or on behalf of the occupier."[13]{{rp|85}}

The Supreme Court defended this sentence in retrospect with the conjecture that the Germans would never accept their decrees being contested and might have intervened in a negative way with the legal establishment, resulting in a further diminishing of citizens' legal protection.[11]

In 1943 the seat of the Supreme Court was temporarily moved from The Hague to Nijmegen. With the liberation of Nijmegen in September 1944, this led to a situation in which, although the seat was on liberated ground, most of the Justices found themselves still in occupied territory. After the war, there was not much done to clear matters; lawyers who had collaborated with the Germans generally kept their jobs or got important other positions. A crucial role in this affair was played by J. Donner, who became President of the Supreme Court in 1946.[11]

Authority

{{Expand section|date=December 2009}}

In the Netherlands a case is first heard by one of the ten district courts ({{lang|nl|rechtbanken}}). Afterwards, either side may appeal to one of the four courts of appeal ({{Lang|nl|gerechtshoven}}). Finally, either party may file a cassation appeal to the Supreme Court.

Composition

{{Expand section|date=December 2009}}

Justices of the Supreme Court are appointed by royal decree, chosen from a list of three, advised by the House of Representatives on the advice of the Court itself. The justices are, like every other judge in the Netherlands, appointed for life, until they retire at their own will or after reaching the age of 70. Upon reaching the age of 60, a justice may change status to extraordinary, with the effect that the justice no longer plays a full role at the Court.

The Supreme Court is divided into four chambers: the first or civil chamber, the second or criminal chamber, the third or tax chamber and the fourth or ombudsman chamber. The members of the fourth division are chosen {{Lang|la|ad hoc}}, but will include the President of the Court.[9]

Current Justices

{{As of|April 2016}}, the first three chambers are composed as follows:[9]
Name Chamber Invested Born
Ernst|Numann|nolink = 1}} {{Smaller|(Vice President)}} Civil2000}}1950}}
Floris|Bakels|nolink = 1}} {{Smaller|(Vice President)}} Civil2003}}1949}}
Annemarie|van Buchem-Spapens|Buchem|nolink = 1}} Civil1998|9|1|format = dmy}}1951}}
Kees|Streefkerk|nolink = 1}} Civil2004|10|1|format = dmy}}1955}}
Toon|Heisterkamp|nolink = 1}} Civil2007|2|1|format = dmy}}1953}}
Gerbrant|Snijders|nolink = 1}} Civil2011|6|1|format = dmy}}1961}}
Dineke|de Groot|Groot|nolink = 1}} Civil2012|2|1|format = dmy}}1965}}
Martijn|Polak|nolink = 1}} Civil2012|9|1|format = dmy}}1961}}
Vincent|van den Brink|Brink|nolink = 1}} Civil2012|10|1|format = dmy}}1966}}
Tanja|Tanja-Van den Broek|nolink = 1}} Civil2014|1|1|format = dmy}}1964}}
Edgar du PerronCivil1 April 20161965
Willem|van Schendel|Schendel|nolink = 1}} {{Smaller|(Vice President)}} Criminal2001}}1950}}
Leo|van Dorst|Dorst|nolink = 1}} {{Smaller|(Vice President)}} Criminal1999}}1949}}
Bon|de Savornin Lohman|Savorin|nolink = 1}} Criminal2000|4|1|format = dmy}}1947}}
Jaap|de Hullu|Hullu|nolink = 1}} Criminal2003|9|1|format = dmy}}1958}}
Tineke|Splinter-Van Kan|nolink = 1}} Criminal2005|1|24|format = dmy}}1947}}
Ybo|Buruma|nolink = 1}} Criminal2011|9|1|format = dmy}}1955}}
Elishewa|van de Griend|Griend|nolink = 1}} Criminal2014|2|1|format = dmy}}1963}}
Nastja|van Strien|Strien|nolink = 1}} Criminal2015|6|1|format = dmy}}1961}}
Eveline|Faase|nolink = 1}} Criminal2015|9|1|format = dmy}}1958}}
Matthias|Borgers|nolink = 1}} Criminal2016|1|1|format = dmy}}1973}}
Jeppe|Balkema|nolink = 1}}[3] Criminal1998}}1946}}
Jan|Ilsink|nolink = 1}}[3] Criminal2003}}1946}}
Maarten|Feteris|nolink = 1}} {{Smaller|(President)}} Tax2008}}1960}}
Jacques|Overgaauw|nolink = 1}} {{Smaller|(Vice President)}} Tax2008}}1951}}
Robert|Koopman|nolink = 1}} {{Smaller|(Vice President)}} Tax2010|2|1|format = dmy}}1962}}
Dick|van Vliet|Vliet|nolink = 1}} Tax1997}}1946}}
Bernard|Bavinck|nolink = 1}} Tax2000|1|1|format = dmy}}1946}}
Liesbeth|Punt|nolink = 1}} Tax2005|1|24|format = dmy}}1962}}
Cees|Schaap|nolink = 1}} Tax2006|9|1|format = dmy}}1947}}
Piet|van Loon|Loon|nolink = 1}} Tax2009|2|1|format = dmy}}1954}}
Marc|Fierstra|nolink = 1}} Tax2009|6|1|format = dmy}}1959}}
Theo|Groeneveld|nolink = 1}} Tax2012|2|1|format = dmy}}1948}}
Jules|Wortel|nolink = 1}} Tax2012|2|1|format = dmy}}1954}}
Loek|van Kalmthout|Kalmthout|nolink = 1}} Tax2013|6|1|format = dmy}}1955}}
Mariken|van Hilten|Hilten|nolink = 1}} Tax2015|9|1|format = dmy}}1964}}
Peter|Lourens|nolink = 1}}[3] Tax1999}}1946}}
Jaap|van den Berge|Berge|nolink = 1}}[3] Tax2001}}1948}}
1. ^In isolation, Raad and der are pronounced {{IPA-nl|raːt|}} and {{IPA-nl|dɛr|}}, respectively.
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nl.html|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov}}
3. ^1 2 3 Supernumerary justice.
4. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.rechtspraak.nl/Organisatie/Hoge-Raad/OverDeHogeRaad/Organisatie/Pages/mrMWC%28Maarten%29Feteris,raadsheerHogeRaad.aspx|title=mr. M.W.C. (Maarten) Feteris, president Hoge Raad|work=Rechtspraak.nl|publisher=Hoge Raad der Nederlanden|language=Dutch|accessdate=16 September 2015}}
5. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.rechtspraak.nl/Gerechten/HogeRaad/Over+de+Hoge+Raad/Nederlandse+Antillen+en+Aruba/|title=Nederlandse Antillen en Aruba|work=Rechtspraak.nl|publisher=De Rechtspraak|language=Dutch|date=27 July 2007|accessdate=2 December 2009}}
6. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=http://www.rechtspraak.nl/Gerechten/HogeRaad/Over+de+Hoge+Raad/Geschiedenis+van+de+Hoge+Raad.htm|title=Geschiedenis van de Hoge Raad|work=Rechtspraak.nl|publisher=De Rechtspraak|language=Dutch|date=18 September 2004|accessdate=2 December 2009}}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}
7. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.rechtspraak.nl/Information+in+English/Judicial+system/Supreme+Court.htm|title=Supreme Court|work=Rechtspraak.nl|publisher=De Rechtspraak|date=10 August 2009|accessdate=2 December 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016060904/http://www.rechtspraak.nl/Information%2Bin%2BEnglish/Judicial%2Bsystem/Supreme%2BCourt.htm|archivedate=16 October 2009|df=dmy-all}}
8. ^1 According to article 120 of the Constitution of the Netherlands, judges will not rule on the constitutionality of laws passed by the States General and treaties.
9. ^1 For a discussion of judicial review in the Netherlands see J. Uzman, T. Barkhuysen, and M.L. van Emmerik, {{Cite web|url=http://www.ejcl.org/143/art143-16.pdf|title=The Dutch Supreme Court: A Reluctant Positive Legislator?|accessdate=16 July 2014}}
10. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=https://www.rechtspraak.nl/Organisatie-en-contact/Organisatie/Hoge-Raad-der-Nederlanden/Over-de-Hoge-Raad/Raad|title=Raad|work=Rechtspraak.nl|publisher=De Rechtspraak|language=Dutch|accessdate=22 January 2016}}
11. ^1 Derk Venema, "Judges in war time: The Dutch judiciary's confrontation with national socialism and the occupation" (in Dutch), Boom, Amsterdam, 2007.
12. ^1 Joggli Meihuizen, "Narrow Margins. The Dutch Bar during World War II." (in Dutch), Boom, Amsterdam, 2010 (an English summary was also published by Boom, Amsterdam, 2010).
13. ^1 2 3 Corjo Jansen en Derk Venema, "The Supreme Court and the Second World War" (in Dutch), Boom, Amsterdam, 2011.

See also

  • Judiciary of the Netherlands
  • List of Presidents of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands

References

{{Reflist|2|refs=[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]
}}

External links

{{Commons category|Supreme Court of the Netherlands}}
  • {{Official website|https://www.rechtspraak.nl/organisatie-en-contact/organisatie/hoge-raad-der-nederlanden/supreme-court-of-the-netherlands/}}
{{Europe topic|Supreme Court of|title=Supreme Courts of Europe|countries_only=yes|template=yes}}{{Portal bar|Law|Netherlands}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}

6 : 1838 establishments in the Netherlands|Courts in the Netherlands|Government of Aruba|Government of the Netherlands Antilles|Judicial system of the Netherlands|National supreme courts
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