| 词条 | Falafel | |||||
| 释义 |
|name=Falafel |image=File:Falafels 2.jpg |image_size=250 |caption=Falafel balls with a fried, crispy exterior |alternate_name=Felafel |country=Egypt, before spreading north to the Levant |creator= |course=Sandwich, snack, or meze |served= |main_ingredient=Fava beans (or chickpeas) |variations= |calories= |other= }} Falafel (or felafel)[1] ({{IPAc-en|f|ə|ˈ|l|ɑː|f|əl}}, {{IPAc-en|-|ˈ|l|æ|f|-}};[1] {{lang-ar|فلافل}}, {{IPA-ar|faˈlaːfɪl||ArFalafel.ogg}}, dialectal: {{IPA-ar|fæˈlæːfel|}}) is a deep-fried ball, or a flat or doughnut-shaped patty, made from ground chickpeas, fava beans, or both. Herbs, spices, and onion relatives are commonly added to the dough. It is a Levantine and Egyptian dish that most likely originated in Egypt,[2][3][4] but is commonly eaten throughout Western Asia. The fritters are now found around the world as part of vegetarian cuisine,[6] and as a form of street food. "Falafel balls" are commonly served in a pita, which acts as a pocket, or wrapped in a flatbread known as taboon. "Falafel" frequently refers to a wrapped sandwich prepared in this way: the falafel "balls" are typically laid over a bed of salad or pickled vegetables, and drizzled with hot sauce or a tahini-based sauce. Falafel "balls" may also be eaten alone as a snack, or served as part of an assortment of appetizers known as a meze. EtymologyThe English word falafel or felafel is a loanword from the Levantine Arabic falāfil ({{lang-ar|فلافل}}).[5][6] It may come from the plural of the earlier filfal ({{lang|ar|فلفل}}), possibly from Persian pilpil, from Sanskrit pippalī "long pepper", or from the Aramaic pilpāl, meaning a small round thing or a peppercorn, from palpēl, to be round, to roll.[5][6] It has been found as a foreign-language term in an English publication as early as 1941,[7] though the Oxford English Dictionary gives its earliest attestation in 1951.[8] One Coptic dictionary speculates a Coptic origin via the unattested phrase *pha la phel (ⲫⲁⲓ ⲗⲁⲫⲉⲗ), meaning "that which has lots of beans".[9] However, there is no historical record of this being used, and the Coptic Etymological Dictionary does not contain an entry for the word.[10] Falafel is also known as taʿamiya ({{lang-arz|طعمية}} {{transl|arz|ṭaʿmiyya}}, {{IPA-ar|tˤɑʕˈmejjɑ|IPA}}) in many parts of Egypt; the word is derived from a diminutive form of the Classical Arabic word {{transl|ar|ALA-LC|ṭaʿām}} ({{lang|ar|طعام}}, "food"); the particular form indicates "a unit" of the given root in this case {{transl|sem|Ṭ-ʕ-M}} ({{lang|ar|ط ع م}}, having to do with taste and food), thus meaning "a little piece of food" or "small tasty thing".[11][12][13] Nevertheless, in Alexandria, it is called falafel.[14] The word falafel can refer to the fritters themselves or to sandwiches filled with them.[19] HistoryThe origin of falafel is controversial.[15] A widely held theory is that the dish was invented in Egypt about 1000 years ago by Coptic Christians, who ate it as a replacement for meat during Lent.[16][17][18][2] As Alexandria is a port city, it was possible to export the dish and name to other areas in the Middle East.[19] The dish later migrated northwards to the Levant, where chickpeas replaced the fava beans.[20][21] It has been speculated, with no concrete evidence, that its history may go back to Pharaonic Egypt.[22] Other theories propose that it came from the Indian subcontinent, where deep-frying was common, and brought west by Arabs or Turks; or that the chickpea-based food came from Yemen.[2] Middle EastFalafel grew to become a common form of street food or fast food in much of the Middle East, especially in the Levant and Egypt.[23] The croquettes are regularly eaten as part of meze. During Ramadan, falafel balls are sometimes eaten as part of the iftar, the meal that breaks the daily fast after sunset.[12] Falafel became so popular that McDonald's for a time served a "McFalafel" in its breakfast menu all over Egypt.[24] Falafel is still popular with Egyptians, who eat it on a daily basis along with ful medames and even cook large volumes during religious holidays.[33] Debates over the origin of falafel have sometimes devolved into political discussions about the relationship between Arabs and Israelis.[20] In modern times, falafel has been considered a national dish in Egypt,[25] also in Palestine,[26][27] and of Israel.[28][29] Resentment exists amongst many Palestinians for what they see as the appropriation of their dish by Israelis.[30][31] Additionally, the Lebanese Industrialists' Association attempted to claim Protected Designated Origin status, partly to prevent Israeli use of the word.[20][21][32] Falafel plays an iconic role in Israeli cuisine and is widely considered to be the national dish of the country.[30] While falafel is not a specifically Jewish dish, it was eaten by Mizrahi Jews in their countries of origin.[15] Later, it was adopted by early Jewish immigrants to Palestine.[30] Due to its being entirely plant based, it is considered pareve under Jewish dietary laws and gained acceptance with Jews because it could be eaten with meat or dairy meals.[48] North AmericaIn North America, prior to the 1970s, falafel was found only in Middle Eastern and Jewish neighborhoods and restaurants.[6][33][34][35] Today, the dish is a common and popular street food in many cities throughout North America.[36][37][38] GermanyGermany has seen an increase in the popularity of falafel since the last decades of the 20th century.[39] In Berlin, the areas of the former West Berlin play a special role, as they host a comparatively large Arab community. However, falafel shops have been located mainly in areas undergoing gentrification, rather than being chiefly part of an Arab subculture. While the operators are usually Arabs, the customers are predominantly middle-class Germans.[39][40] Some restaurants associated with the thriving Jewish and Israeli community in Berlin also serve falafel.[41] Falafel restaurants sometimes feature Middle-Eastern decor meant to give an impression of exotic authenticity. However, the food has been adapted. For example, a unique sweet mango sauce is used in place of the sour-salty amba found in the Middle East, and take-away sandwiches in pita bread typically contain assorted vegetables, pickles, and sauces, in contrast to simpler Middle-Eastern presentations.[42] VegetarianismFalafel has become popular among vegetarians and vegans, as an alternative to meat-based street foods,[43] and is now sold in packaged mixes in health-food stores.[44] While often used to make veggie burgers,[45] it has become more widely used as a source of protein.[46] In the United States, falafel's versatility has allowed for the reformulating of recipes for meatloaf, sloppy joes and spaghetti and meatballs into vegetarian dishes.[47][48] Preparation and variationsFalafel is made from fava beans or chickpeas. The use of chickpeas is predominant in most Middle Eastern countries,[49] such as Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine and Syria.[50][51][52] This version is the most popular in the West.[50] In Egypt, fava beans, chickpeas, or often a combination of the two may be used.[49][53] When chickpeas are used, they are not cooked prior to use (cooking the chickpeas will cause the falafel to fall apart, requiring adding some flour to use as a binder). Instead they are soaked (sometimes with baking soda) overnight, then ground together with various ingredients such as parsley, scallions, and garlic.[50] Spices such as cumin and coriander are often added to the beans for added flavor.[54] The dried fava beans are soaked in water and then stone ground with leek, parsley, green coriander, cumin and dry coriander.[55][56] The mixture is shaped into balls or patties. This can be done by hand or with a tool called an aleb falafel (falafel mould).[11][49] The mixture is usually deep fried, or it can be oven baked. When not served alone, falafel is often served with flat or unleavened bread,[57] such as wrapped within lafa or stuffed in a hollow pita.[58] Tomatoes, lettuce, cucumbers, and other garnishes, such as pickles can be added.[82] Falafel is commonly accompanied by tahini.[50] Falafel is typically ball-shaped, but is sometimes made in other shapes, particularly doughnut-shaped. The inside of falafel may be green (from green herbs such as parsley or green onion), or tan. Nutrition{{Nutritional value|name= |kJ=1393 |carbs=31.84 g |fat=17.80 g |protein=13.31 g |water=34.62 g |calcium_mg=54 |iron_mg=3.42 |phosphorus_mg=192 |magnesium_mg=82 |manganese_mg=0.691 |sodium_mg=294 |potassium_mg=585 |zinc_mg=1.50 |vitA_iu=13 |thiamin_mg=0.146 |riboflavin_mg=0.166 |niacin_mg=1.044 |pantothenic_mg=0.292 |vitB6_mg=0.125 |folate_ug=78 |vitB12_ug=0.00 |source_usda=1 }} When made with chickpeas, falafel is high in protein, complex carbohydrates, and fiber.[59] Key nutrients are calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, copper, manganese, vitamin C, thiamine, pantothenic acid, vitamin B, and folate. Phytochemicals include beta-carotene.[60] Falafel is high in soluble fiber, which has been shown to be effective in lowering blood cholesterol.[61][62] Chickpeas are low in fat and contain no cholesterol, but a considerable amount of fat is absorbed during the frying process. Falafel can be baked to reduce the high fat content associated with frying.[43][63] World recordsLargest falafel ballThe current record, 74.75 kg (164.4 lb), was set on 28 July 2012 in Amman, Jordan by the Landmark hotel. Using a standard recipe, 10 chefs prepared the 130 cm diameter falafel ball.[64] Largest serving of falafelThe record, 5,173 kg (11,404 lb 8 oz), was set by Chef Ramzi Choueiri and the students of Al-Kafaat University (Lebanon) in Beirut on 9 May 2010.[65] {{clear}}GallerySee also
References1. ^1 Oxford University Press, [https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/falafel "Oxford Dictionaries Online: 'falafel'], Oxford Dictionaries Online, Retrieved 2017-06-26. 2. ^1 2 {{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/849738985 |title=Encyclopedia of Jewish food |last=Gil. |first=Marks, |date=2010 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=9780544186316 |location=Hoboken, N.J. |oclc=849738985}} 3. ^{{citation news|title=No Matter Where It Originated, Falafel Is Still Israel's National Food|url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-s-national-food-no-matter-where-it-started-1.5216693}} 4. ^{{citation news|title=Ancient Egyptian Food - Taamiya|url=http://www.innfrad.com/News/41/397862/يحكى-أن-الطعمية-أكلة-مصرية-أصيلة-رغم-المزاعم-الاسرائيلية}} 5. ^1 American Heritage Dictionary, 5th edition (2011), s.v. falafel 6. ^1 {{cite web|accessdate=2019-01-06|title=the definition of falafel|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/falafel|website=www.dictionary.com}} 7. ^Joseph Williams McPherson, The moulids of Egypt, 1941 [https://books.google.com/books?id=gi0lAQAAIAAJ&q=felafel Google Books] 8. ^{{cite OED2|falafel}} 9. ^{{cite book|last=Makar|first=Adeeb B.|title=The Abbreviated Coptic-English Dictionary|year=2001|publisher=St. Mina Monastery Press|location=Hayward, Calif.|oclc=609610948|page=185|quote=Φαλαφελ (fåˈlåfālˈ) m. 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38|accessdate=February 22, 2011}} 48. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JQcAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA30&dq=%22Falafel%22+vegetarian+times#v=onepage&q=%22Falafel%22%20vegetarian%20times&f=false|work=Vegetarian Times|title=Minute Meals|author=Whitney, Winona|date=June 1991|page=30|accessdate=February 23, 2011}} 49. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/restaurants/article-1256574-falling-for-fine-falafel.do |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130505124656/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/restaurants/article-1256574-falling-for-fine-falafel.do |dead-url=yes |archive-date=May 5, 2013 |title=Falling for fine falafel |last=Campion |first=Charles |date=May 9, 2002 |work=Evening Standard |accessdate=February 10, 2010 }} 50. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|last=Roden|first=Claudia|title=The New Book of Middle Eastern Food|year=2000|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-375-40506-8|page=62}} 51. ^{{cite book|last=Malouf|first=Greg|title=Artichoke to Za'atar: Modern Middle Eastern Food|year=2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25413-8|page=90|url=https://books.google.com/?id=0j5c0GMrOdcC&pg=PA90&dq=egyptian+falafel+spicy#v=onepage&q=egyptian%20falafel%20spicy&f=false|author2=Malouf, Lucy|accessdate=February 6, 2011}} 52. ^{{cite book|title=The glutton's glossary: a dictionary of food and drink terms|first=John|last=Ayto|publisher=Routledge|year=1990|accessdate=February 6, 2011|isbn=0-415-02647-4|url=https://books.google.com/?id=vAQOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA106&dq=syria+falafel+chickpeas}} 53. ^{{cite news|last1=Dimbleby|first1=Henry|last2=Baxter|first2=Jane|title=The world’s best falafel recipe comes from Egypt|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/mar/20/worlds-best-falafel-recipe-henry-dimbleby-back-to-basics|accessdate=23 March 2015|publisher=The Guardian|date=20 March 2015}} 54. ^{{cite web|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9401E7D81F30F937A35757C0A9619C8B63|title=For the Best Falafel, Do It All Yourself|last=Bittman|first=Mark|date=2007-04-04|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=11 July 2011}} 55. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.scienzavegetariana.it/nutrizione/favabeans.html | title=Fava Beans, Levodopa, and Parkinson's Disease | author=Kathrynne Holden}} 56. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.southcoasttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19960529/LIFE/305299944 | author=Russ Parsons | title=The Long History of the Mysterious Fava Bean}} 57. ^{{cite book|last=Basan|first=Ghillie|title=Middle Eastern Kitchen|year=2007|publisher=Hippocrene Books|isbn=978-0-7818-1190-3|page=33}} 58. ^{{cite book|last=Marks|first=Gil|title=Encyclopedia of Jewish food|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|accessdate=February 6, 2011|isbn=978-0-470-39130-3|page=183|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ojc4Uker_V0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Encyclopedia+of+Jewish+Food+By+Gil+Marks#v=onepage&q&f=false}} 59. ^{{cite book|last=Webb|first=Robyn|title=Eat to Beat High Blood Pressure|publisher=Readers Digest|year=2004|page=140|accessdate=February 6, 2011|isbn=978-0-7621-0508-3|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Xl6TEe_KbNgC&pg=PA140&dq=falafel&cd=1#v=onepage&q}} 60. ^{{cite book|last=Balch|first=Phyllis A.|title=Prescription for Dietary Wellness|publisher=Avery|year=2003|edition=2|page=119|accessdate=February 6, 2011|isbn=978-1-58333-147-7|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Z_kueEFK0f0C&dq=falafel}} 61. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PfaBUWiPHMAC&lpg=PA217&dq=fiber%20falafel&pg=PA217#v=onepage&q=fiber%20falafel&f=false|title=Way to Eat: A Six-Step Path to Lifelong Weight Control|author1=Katz, David |author2=Gonzalez, Maura |publisher=Sourcebooks, Inc.|accessdate=February 23, 2011|isbn=978-1-4022-0264-3|year=2004|page=217}} 62. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMwurAyALacC&lpg=PA296&dq=fiber%20falafel&pg=PA296#v=onepage&q=fiber%20falafel&f=false|title=Take a load off your heart: 109 things you can actually do to prevent, halt, or reverse heart disease|author1=Piscatella, Joseph |author2=Franklin, Barry |publisher=Workman Publishing|year=2003|page=296|accessdate=February 23, 2011|isbn=978-0-7611-2676-8}} 63. ^1 {{cite book|last=Winget|first=Mary|author2=Chalbi, Habib|title=Cooking the North African Way|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|year=2003|edition=2|page=33|accessdate=April 28, 2010|isbn=978-0-8225-4169-1|url=https://books.google.com/?id=yzYgQpdSf7QC&dq=falafel}} 64. ^{{cite web |title=Largest falafel |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-falafel |website=Guinness World Records |accessdate=24 June 2018}} 65. ^{{cite web|title=Largest serving of falafel|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/8000/largest-serving-of-falafel|publisher=Guinness World Records|accessdate=18 March 2012}} External links{{wiktionary}}
17 : Articles with inconsistent citation formats|Egyptian cuisine|Chickpea dishes|Middle Eastern cuisine|Arab cuisine|Israeli cuisine|Palestinian cuisine|Lebanese cuisine|Levantine cuisine|Syrian cuisine|Jordanian cuisine|Iraqi cuisine|Emirati cuisine|National dishes|Vegan cuisine|Street food|Deep fried foods |
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