“Fala language”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Fala language

释义

History
Origins Recent
Sociolinguistic surveys
Phonology
Comparative vocabulary
See also
References
Further reading
External links

{{Infobox language
|name=Fala
|nativename=
|states=Spain
|region={{abbr|NW|northwestern}} Extremadura
|speakers={{sigfig|10,500|2}}
|date=1994
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=Italic
|fam3=Romance
|fam4=Western
|fam5=Ibero-Romance
|fam6=West Iberian
|fam7=Portuguese-Galician
|iso3=fax
|glotto=fala1241
|glottorefname=Fala
}}{{Location map | Spain
|lat_deg = 40.2
|lon_deg = -6.8
|caption = Area of the Fala language.
}}

Fala ("Speech", also called Xalimego^[1]) is a Romance language commonly classified in the Portuguese-Galician subgroup, with some traits from Leonese, spoken in Spain by about 10,500 people, of whom 5,500 live in a valley of the northwestern part of Extremadura near the border with Portugal. The speakers of Fala live in the towns of Valverde del Fresno (Valverdi du Fresnu), Eljas (As Ellas) and San Martín de Trevejo (Sa Martín de Trebellu).

Other names sometimes used for the language are Fala de Jálama or Fala de Xálima, but neither of them is used by the speakers themselves, who call their linguistic varieties lagarteiru (in Eljas), manhegu / mañegu (in San Martín de Trevejo) and valverdeiru (in Valverde del Fresno).

Even though it has no official status, and has little presence in schools and church, use of the language is vigorous, and the literacy rate in Fala is nearly 100%{{clarify|date=May 2010}}. As a linguistic community, speakers have a strong, independent identity; they have rejected implementing a standard orthography similar to or based on the Galician one. A translation of the New Testament has been published in Fala (2015).

History

Origins

In the Middle Ages we can find mixed varieties of Portuguese and Leonese throughout the border between Leon and Portugal, represented in texts as in the Foro de Castelo Rodrigo (13th century); and although there is no documentation about the colonization and repopulation in this place in the 13th century, there are several hypothesis of Galician citizens moved to protect the frontiers against Muslims as a punishment imposed by the Leonese king, or the delivery of the territories to various military orders by Alfonso IX and Fernando II.

Generally speaking, philologists in favor of the Galician theory are based in the hypothesis that the valley is an isolated region and, therefore, the Galician colonists maintain their way of speaking in a "pure" form because of the lack of external influences. This thesis is refuted if we contrast it with other historic data:

It is considered that before the Galician-Leonese resettlement, this place was already occupied by Portuguese and even after the colonization there was contact with the neighboring country.
From the 12th until the 16th century, both Portugal and León and Castile wanted the territory because of its importance as a border. It changed from one country to another so the population swore allegiance to one king or another.
On the other hand, it is contradictory that the orders that these place was given, being enemies, resettled the region with people of the same origin.

Recent

On August 3, 1992, the association Fala i Cultura was founded, among its goals being the compilation of a common grammar (based on the Galician one) and the commemoration of u día da nosa fala (the day of our language) celebrated once a year from 1992 in Eljas, 1993 in Valverde and 1994 in San Martín.

It was not until 1998 that the first literary work in Fala was published: Seis sainetes valverdeiros, written by Isabel López Lajas and published in 1998 by Edicións Positivas (Santiago de Compostela). It was on this date that the Gabinete de Iniciativas Transfronterizas (Office of Cross-Border Initiatives) started to take interest in Fala and to promote its study, publishing in 1999 scientific works and celebrating in May a "Congress on A Fala".

On June 14, 2000, Fala was recognized by the Ministry of Culture of the Junta de Extremadura as Bien de Interés Cultural. Nowadays, although the inhabitants of Jalama Valley can speak Spanish, most of them are bilingual because at home and in other activities outside school, they continue using the local language.

Sociolinguistic surveys

In 1992,^[2] a survey conducted by José Enrique Gargallo Gil (a professor at the University of Barcelona) collected the following data regarding the use of Spanish in family conversation:

4 of the 29 respondents from San Martín use Spanish when speaking with their family (13.8%)
In Eljas the figure drops to only 3 out of 54 respondents (5.6%)
In Valverde, 25 of 125 respondents use Spanish in this context (20%).

In September/December 1993 a survey was published in issue No. 30 of Alcántara Magazine by José Luis Martín Galindo, which showed the following percentages of self-identification in San Martín de Trevejo:

Belief that Fala is a dialect of Spanish: 13%
Belief that Fala is a dialect of Portuguese: 20%
Belief that Fala is an autonomous language: 67%

The survey involved only twenty people (over 960 neighbours) and that there was no alternative to answer that the respondent believed that Fala is a dialect of Galician. It is argued that the absence of this option was logical since theories about the possible relation of Fala with Galician were hardly known.

In 1994, a new study showed that 80% of respondents learned to speak Spanish in school, the percentage of speech used in the family environment being as follows:

100% of the parents of Eljas claim to speak the Fala when talking with their children
85% of the parents of San Martín claim to speak the Fala when talking with their children
73% of the parents of Valverde claim to speak the Fala when talking with their children

Phonology

Consonant phonemes
	Bilabials	Labiodentals	Dentals	Alveolars	Postalveolars	Palatals
Nasals	m}}	n}}	ɲ}}	ŋ}}
Stops	p}} {{IPA link\|b}}	t}} {{IPA link\|d}}	k}} {{IPA link\|g}}
Affricates	t͡ʃ}}
Fricatives	β}})	f}} {{IPA link\|v}}	ð}})	s}} {{IPA link\|z}}	ʃ}} {{IPA link\|ʒ}}	ɣ}})
Trills	r}}
Flaps	ɾ}}
Approximants	j}}	w}}
Laterals	l}}	ʎ}}

Vowel phonemes
Anterior	Posterior
Closed	i}}	u}}
Close-mid	e}}	o}}
Open	{{IPA link\|a}}

Comparative vocabulary

^[3]

Latin	Catalan	Spanish	Fala	Extremaduran	Portuguese	English
hodie	avui	hoy	hoxii	hoy	hoje	today
locus	lloc	lugar	lugal	lugar	place
dicere	dir	decir	izil	decir	dizer	to say/to tell
oculus	ull	ojo	ollu	oju	olho	eye
aqua	aigua	agua	agua	áugua	água	water
creāre	crear	crear	crial	crial	criar	to create

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.proel.org/index.php?pagina=lenguas/fala|title=Promotora Española de Lingüística| access-date=11 April 2018|work=www.proel.org}}
2. ^{{cite book| url = https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Las_hablas_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Trevejo_Elj.html?id=jm4tMQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y | title = Las hablas de San Martín de Trevejo, Eljas y Valverde del Fresno. Trilogía de los tres lugares | publisher = Editora Regional de Extremadura | isbn = 978-8-476-71494-2 | author1 = Gargallo Gil | first1 = José Enrique | date = 1999}}
3. ^{{cite journal |last1=Galindo |first1=José |date= |title=Apuntes socio-históricos y lingüísticos sobre a Fala do Val de Xalima |journal= Alcántara: revista del Seminario de Estudios Cacereños |volume= 30 |issn= 0210-9859 |pages=123–148|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=995910 |doi=}}

External links

3 : Languages of Spain|Galician-Portuguese language|Bienes de Interés Cultural

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