“Falchion”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A falchion ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔː|l|tʃ|ən}}; Old French: fauchon; Latin: falx, "sickle") is a one-handed, single-edged sword of European origin, whose design is reminiscent of the Chinese dadao, and modern machete. Falchions are found in different forms from around the 13th century up to and including the 16th century. In some versions the falchion looks rather like the seax and later the sabre, and in other versions the form is irregular or like a machete with a crossguard.

Types

The blade designs of falchions varied widely across the continent and through the ages. They almost always included a single edge with a slight curve on the blade towards the point on the end and most were also affixed with a quilloned crossguard for the hilt in the manner of the contemporary arming swords. Unlike the double-edged swords of Europe, few actual swords of this type have survived to the present day; fewer than a dozen specimens are currently known.^[1] A number of weapons superficially similar to the falchion existed in Western Europe, including the Messer, hanger and the backsword. Two basic types of falchion can be identified:

Cleaver falchions

One of the few surviving falchions (the Conyers falchion) is shaped very much like a large meat cleaver, or large bladed machete. This type is also illustrated in art. The type seems to be confined to the 13th and 14th centuries.^[2] However apart from the profile they present a very thin blade, often only 1.2 mm thick spines, 7 cm from the point with a slight taper leading near to the edge before dropping into a secondary bevel which brings the blade to a very acute edge while maintaining some durability. Current theories are that they were the anti-cloth armour weapon of the day.^[3]

Cusped falchions

The majority of the depictions in art reflect a design similar to that of the großes Messer. The Thorpe Falchion, a surviving example from England's 13th century, was just under {{convert|904|g|lb|2}} in weight. Of its {{convert|956|mm|abbr=off}} length, {{convert|803|mm}} are the straight blade which bears a cusped or flare-clipped tip similar to the much later kilij of Turkey.^[4] This blade style may have been influenced by the Turko-Mongol sabres that had reached the borders of Europe by the 13th century. This type of sword continues in use into the 16th century.^[5] It is now debated that it is an actual influence of the Turko-Mongol type sabres. It is now categorized as an independent development as the 13th century sabres don't have this type of cusp.

Other falchions

In addition, there are a group of 13th- and early 14th-century weapons sometimes identified with the falchion. These have a falchion-like blade mounted on a wooden haft {{convert|1|-|2|ft|cm|abbr=on}} long, sometimes ending in a curve like an umbrella. These are seen in numerous illustrations in the mid-13th-century Maciejowski Bible.^[6]

Status

It is sometimes presumed{{By whom|date=March 2017}} that these swords had a lower quality and status than the longer, more expensive swords. Falchions are sometimes misunderstood and thought of as being similar to machetes; however, the ancient falchions that have been discovered are incredibly thin and on average, lighter than a double-edged blade. These weapons were therefore not cleaving or chopping weapons similar to the machete, but quick slashing weapons more similar to shamshir or sabres despite their wide blade. While falchions are commonly thought to be peasants' weapons^[7] this is not always the case; the Conyers falchion belonged to a landed family,^[8] and the falchion is shown in illustrations of combat between mounted knights.^[9] Some later falchions were ornate and used by the nobility; there is an elaborately engraved and gold plated falchion from the 1560s in the Wallace Collection, engraved with the personal coat of arms of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.^[10]^[11]

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.foxtail.nu/bjorn/h_conyers_eng.htm|last= Hellqvist| first=Björn|title=The Conyers Falchion|publisher=}}
2. ^{{cite book |title=European Weapons and Armour |last= Oakeshott |first= Ewart|year= 1980 |publisher= Lutterworth Press |location= Guildford & London |isbn= 0-7188-2126-2|page= 152}}
3. ^James G. Elmslie
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.myarmoury.com/review_mrl_falc.html|title=German Falchion -- myArmoury.com|author=Nathan Robinson|publisher=|accessdate=26 October 2014}}
5. ^Oakeshott (1980), p.152
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.themorgan.org/exhibitions/exhibOnlineThumbs.asp?id=OnlineKings|title=The Crusader Bible|publisher=}} e.g., folio 3v., folio 14v
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lordsandladies.org/falchion-sword.htm|title=Falchion sword|last=Alchin |first=Linda|work=The Middle Ages|accessdate=6 November 2014}}
8. ^Hellqvist, Conyers Falchion
9. ^e.g., bannockburn.jpg
10. ^{{cite book|url=|title=Masterpieces of European Arms and Armour from the Wallace Collection|last=Capwell|first=Tobias|publisher=Wallace Collection|year=2011|isbn=978-0-900785-86-3|location=London|page=|pages=98–9|authorlink=|author2=David Edge|author3=Jeremy Warren|accessdate=}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.wallacecollection.org/whatson/treasure/62|title=The Wallace Collection – What's On – Treasure of the Month|last=Collection|first=The Wallace|website=www.wallacecollection.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-06}}

Types

Cleaver falchions

Cusped falchions

Other falchions

Status

References

External links