| 词条 | Sustainable Sanitation Alliance |
| 释义 |
The Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) is a loose network of organizations who are "working along the same lines towards achieving sustainable sanitation".[1] It began its work in 2007, one year before the United Nation's International Year of Sanitation in 2008. The intention of creating SuSanA was to have a joint label for the planned activities for 2008 and to align the various organizations for further initiatives. SuSanA has over 340 partner organizations and over 10,000 individual members (as of November 2018).[2][3] SuSanA's vision document contains a definition of sustainable sanitation which was developed by SuSanA partners in 2007.[4] SuSanA is not an NGO (non-governmental organization). It has no legal structure and takes no membership fees. It encourages other organizations to join the network and to become active members in the thematic working groups. The SuSanA secretariat is funded by the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development which has commissioned the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) for this task. Other SuSanA partners make contributions for example by paid time of their staff members. OverviewSuSanA is dedicated to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, and in particular SDG6 (Goal Number 6) which is "water and sanitation for all".[1] This is done by promoting sustainable sanitation systems. These systems should be "economically viable, socially acceptable, technically and institutionally appropriate, and protect health, the environment and natural resources".[5] SuSanA is one of several knowledge management platform in the WASH sector such as the LinkedIn Discussion Group "Community of Practice on Sanitation and Hygiene in Developing Countries" by WSSCC, Blue Planet, International Water Association (IWA), Akvopedia and others.[6] ActivitiesSince 2007, SuSanA has held 23 meetings in different locations around the world. Each year one meeting takes place before or after the World Water Week in Stockholm, and a further meeting usually takes place in the Global South, connected to another WASH event. SuSanA also organises side events, seminars and working group meetings in conjunction with other major WASH conferences. SuSanA members are contributing to Wikipedia articles on WASH-related topics.[7] They are particularly active just before two international observance days: World Water Day on 22 March and World Toilet Day on 19 November.[8][7] They have also set up a list of "List of abbreviations used in sanitation".[9] On their Twitter account they promote these activities by using the hashtag: #edit4toilets.[10]{{Better source|reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=February 2018}} Funding sourcesSuSanA has no legal structure, budget nor income. Partners contribute time and resources from their own budgets. The SuSanA secretariat is funded by the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) who has commissioned the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. Between 2012 and 2018, co-funding for the online Discussion Forum and other improvements to the SuSanA platform was provided by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.[13][11][12] Several active core group partners, for example SEI, seecon, BORDA, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, IWA, WASTE have also funded various travel costs of SuSanA members, seminars, the printing of SuSanA publications and so forth.[13] ImpactsThe activities of the SuSanA network have contributed to increasing awareness about sustainability in the sanitation sector. SuSanA members were active in the Post-2015 Development Agenda and helped to shape the Sustainable Development Goals where Goal Number 6 now includes a goal of universal use of sustainable sanitation services that protect public health and dignity. Other actors have picked up on the theme of innovative sanitation (often with reuse of excreta in some form), most notably the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Sustainable sanitation has become a topic in the nexus (water, energy, food) dialogue as well as in the WASH and nutrition theme.{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} StructureThematic working groupsSuSanA has 13 thematic working groups covering areas of sustainable sanitation where conceptual and knowledge management work is required:[13]
Partner organizationsSuSanA has over 340 partner organizations (as of November 2018).[2] The partners are of the following types: Local NGO, International NGO, private sector, research and education, governmental / state-owned organization, multi-lateral organizations, associations and networks and others.[14] All prospective new SuSanA partner organizations have to agree to the vision document when they join. A network analysis study conducted in 2014 assessed the SuSanA network by examining the communication channels used and the quality of relationships among partners.[15] It found that "SuSanA partners have strong levels of trust, cooperation and information exchange with one another". However, partners seem to have low diversity of relationships with partners in different economic zones, such as developing countries versus developed countries.[15] Many of the partners use their membership primarily to receive information from the discussion forum.[15] Individual membersIndividuals can join as members. There are nearly 9000 members (as of November 2017).[3] Challenges and difficultiesSuSanA has been criticized by some in the WASH (Water, Sanitation, Hygiene) sector for a perceived dominance of the ecosan theme in SuSanA. This is due to the strong focus of two of its founding organizations on ecosan: Stockholm Environment Institute and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. Others have criticised SuSanA for being too focussed on technologies and sanitation systems (rather than on non-technical issues); that it is too dominated by people from the Global North; too dominated by GIZ who leads the secretariat; and too theoretical and far removed from the realities on the ground. SuSanA has no regional nodes, offices or secretariats. It also has limited impact so far in the non-English speaking parts of the world, notably Latin America, Russia or Central Asia. The SuSanA core group has reacted to these criticisms by defining a mission statement in 2014, a roadmap for 2013 onwards and by hosting an open discussion forum where such issues can be discussed.[14] Recommendations made in 2014 to the SuSanA network for its future development and to further develop relationships among partners include: Continue to hold meetings in different locations around the world, establish regional nodes, re-activate the working groups, and create more active members through engagement.[15] HistorySuSanA started in January 2007 with a first meeting in Eschborn, Germany at Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, an international enterprise owned by the German Federal Government. GIZ agreed to host SuSanA's secretariat and has been doing so since 2007. The reason why SuSanA was started in 2007 was to prepare for the International Year of Sanitation in 2008, and to align the organizations active in sustainable sanitation.[16] See also
References1. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.susana.org/en/about/vision-mission|title=Vision|last=|first=|date=|website=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=8 November 2017}} 2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.susana.org/en/partner|title=Partners|last=|first=|date=|website=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=14 April 2017}} 3. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://forum.susana.org/forum/statistics|title=Discussion forum statistics|last=|first=|date=|website=Discussion Forum|publisher=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=1 November 2018}} 4. ^SuSanA (2008). Towards more sustainable sanitation solutions - SuSanA Vision Document. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.susana.org/en/about/vision-mission|title=Sustainable sanitation|last=|first=|date=|website=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=8 November 2017}} 6. ^Cranston, P. (2014). Knowledge Management and Building Demand for Sanitation. Final report from a consultancy assignment for Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) program, Euforic Services, Oxford, UK 7. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.sei-international.org/press/press-releases/3771|title=Join the SuSanA Sanitation Wikipedia project|last=|first=|date=10 October 2017|website=Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI)|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=9 November 2017}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.sei-international.org/-news-archive/3642|title=SuSanA seeks volunteers to upgrade Wikipedia sanitation pages|last=|first=|date=9 March 2017|website=Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI)|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=8 November 2017}} 9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/shared-learning/glossary|title=Glossary and Wikipedia|last=|first=|date=|website=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=8 November 2017}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Meetup/Sanitation_Wikipedia/2|title=Wikipedia:Meetup/Sanitation Wikipedia/2|last=|first=|date=|website=Wikipedia Project Page|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=8 November 2017}} 11. ^Elisabeth von Muench, Dorothee Spuhler, Trevor Surridge, Nelson Ekane, Kim Andersson, Emine Goekce Fidan, Arno Rosemarin (2013) Sustainable Sanitation Alliance members take a closer look at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s sanitation grants, Sustainable Sanitation Practice Journal, Issue 17, p. 4-10 12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://sanitationupdates.wordpress.com/2016/11/04/sustainable-sanitation-alliance-grant-of-2-7-million-to-supercharge-sustainable-sanitation-knowledge-platform/|title=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance: Grant of $2.7 million to supercharge sustainable sanitation knowledge platform|last=|first=|date=4 November 2016|website=|publisher=Sanitation Updates|access-date=9 December 2016}} 13. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.susana.org/en/working-groups/overview|title = Overview of the working groups|date = |accessdate = 3 March 2015|website = |publisher = Sustainable Sanitation Alliance|last = |first = }} 14. ^1 2 3 SuSanA (2014). A standard set of Powerpoint slides to explain SuSanA. SuSanA Secretariat, located at GIZ, Eschborn, Germany 15. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|last1 = Saffer|first1 = Adam|title = Sustainable Relationships within the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance: SuSanA Network Analysis Report|url = https://www.academia.edu/12048446/Sustainable_Relationships_within_the_Sustainable_Sanitation_Alliance_SuSanA_Network_Analysis_Report|publisher = University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, USA|year = 2014}} 16. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IVfU3df4mOA|title=SuSanA's milestones and impacts during 2007 - 2017 (by SuSanA members and Thilo Panzerbieter)|last=|first=|date=|website=Video of a presentation at the 10th SuSanA anniversary in Eschborn, Germany on 17 January 2017 (youtube video)|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=14 April 2017}} External links{{offline|med}}{{Commons category}}
3 : Professional networks|Sustainability organizations|Sanitation |
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