“Susurluk scandal”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Susurluk scandal ({{Lang-tr|Susurluk skandalı, Susurluk kazası}}) was a scandal involving the close relationship between the Turkish government, the armed forces, and organized crime. It took place during the peak of the Kurdish–Turkish conflict, in the mid-1990s. The relationship came into existence after the National Security Council (MGK) posited the need for the marshaling of the nation's resources to combat the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).

The scandal surfaced with a car-truck collision on 3 November 1996, near Susurluk, in the province of Balıkesir. The victims included the deputy chief of the Istanbul Police Department, a Member of Parliament, and Abdullah Çatlı, the leader of the Grey Wolves (who was a contract killer on Interpol's red list).

The state had been engaged in an escalating low intensity conflict with the PKK since 1984. The conflict reached an apex when the PKK planned to proclaim their independence by 1994. Towards the end of 1992, a furious debate in the NSC about how to proceed was taking place. Doves such as President Turgut Özal and General Eşref Bitlis favored a non-military solution. However, both of these people died in 1993. Death of Bitlis who was the General Commander of the Turkish Gendarmerie at that time, in a plane crash still remains to be controversial. The same year, the NSC prescribed a co-ordinated Black Operations campaign using special forces.^[1]^[2]

The Turkish branch of Operation Gladio, the "Counter-Guerrilla", contributed much of these special forces.^[3]

Deputy prime minister Tansu Çiller tasked the police force, then under the leadership of Mehmet Ağar, with crippling the PKK and assassinating its leader, Abdullah Öcalan. The police unit responsible for this job was the Special Operations Department ({{lang-tr|Özel Harekat Dairesi}}, ÖHD). Abdullah Çatlı also took part. This caused consternation in the National Intelligence Organization ({{lang-tr|Milli İstihbarat Teşkilatı}}, MİT), which had formerly counted on Çatlı to undertake reprisals against the militant Armenian organization, ASALA. Especially concerned was Mehmet Eymür of the MİT's Operations/Counter-Terrorism Department, who had irreconcilable differences with Ağar.^[4]

The scandal has hence been pithily described as "the battle of the two Mehmets".^[4]

Turkish authorities had claimed that those security officers, politicians and other authorities who had been involved in drug trafficking were initially hired to prevent Turkish mafia and the PKK from profiting from other types of alleged illegal activities, such as smuggling of drugs, but these factions captured the business and fought over who would take its place.^[6]^[5] ^[6]

Intelligence expert Mahir Kaynak described the police camp as "pro-European", and the MİT camp as "pro-American".^[7] The authorities pocketed billions of dollars in profits from the drug smuggling.^[10] This illegal activity on the state's part was partly motivated, or at least justified as such, by the tens of billions of dollars in loss of trade with Iraq due to the Gulf War.^[8]^[12]

To put this into perspective, the Turkish heroin trade, then worth $50 billion, exceeded the state budget of $48 billion.^[9]{{Rp|588}} (Other sources quote the 1998 budget as $62 billion and the drug market as $70 billion , though only a fraction of this was tapped as commission.^[12])

Although Ağar and Çiller resigned after the scandal, no one received any punitive sentences. Ağar was eventually re-elected to Parliament (as a leader of the True Path Party, DYP), and the sole survivor of the crash, chieftain Sedat Bucak, was released.^[9]{{Rp|588}}^[10]

Some reforms were made; e.g., the intelligence agency was restructured to end the infighting (with Eymür's department entirely dismantled).^[3]

Some hold that the scandal was made possible by the wresting of control of the MİT away from military leadership in 1992.^[11]

People involved

Of the 59 people named in the third MİT report, 17 were dead by the time the report was published. Among them are 4 politicians, 4 businessmen, 14 mafia-connected nationalists, 5 military personnel, 13 security personnel, 4 MİT personnel, and 8 mafia-connected drug smugglers.^[12]

Events

28 January 1995: Iranian spy assassinations

According to Eymür, Susurluk was set in motion by the narcotics-related murder of two Kurds, Askar Simitko and Lazım Esmaeili in 1995. Simitko and Esmaeili were moles working for the MİT inside SAVAMA.^[13] However, the MİT was not aware of their drug smuggling, which resulted in their death due to a nonpayment of a "tribute".^[14]

March 1995: Azerbaijan coup plot

28 July 1996: Ömer Lütfü Topal assassination

Casino king Ömer Lütfü Topal was assassinated on 28 July. He had convictions for drug smuggling, and was dubbed the "casino king" for the gambling ventures that made his later fortune, which amounted to around $1 billion at the time of his assassination. An extensive 1999 study by the Ministry of Finance contained the following facts on Topal:^[15]

He shot from rags to riches in just five years; in 1991 he owned but a cafeteria.

In sum, 14.5 trillion TL, 98 million USD, and 23 million DM were deposited into his 137 bank accounts.

A significant number of his 452 properties were acquired as payment for gambling debts.

A significant source of gambling revenue was poker, raising ~$750m between 1994-1996.

Topal was also accorded lengthy coverage in the Inspection Board report. Its author, Kutlu Savaş, wrote that Topal would have become a drug lord that posed a threat to the government if unstopped.^[16] In 1995, he made certain attempts to take over the management of some hotels and casinos in Ashgabat in Turkmenistan.

Topal was gunned down on July 28, 1996 with a Kalashnikov rifle. Links to the government began to appear which would later feed into the Susurluk scandal. Abdullah Çatlı's fingerprint was allegedly found on the drum of one of the machine guns used. ^[17] Ayhan Çarkın and two other policemen were acquitted for lack of evidence; in 2008 the trial judge claimed this was due to a sabotage of the investigation.

3 November 1996: car crash

The scandal began after a Mercedes 600 SEL owned by MP Sedat Bucak crashed into a truck near Çatalceviz, Susurluk in the Balıkesir province in Turkey. The crash took place on 3 November 1996 at around 19:25.^[18] It was an assassination of a number of individuals travelling together; one of the four intended victims survived the crash. Abdullah Çatlı, a former ultra-rightist militant wanted by police for multiple murders and drug trafficking; Huseyin Kocadağ, a senior police official; and beauty queen Gonca Us (Çatlı's girlfriend) were killed. Bucak himself escaped with a broken leg and fractured skull.^[19] The victims of the crash, plus Interior Minister Mehmet Ağar, had been staying at the Onura Hotel in Kuşadası.^[19]

The assassination plan called for Ağar to be killed too. However, he was warned by Sami Hoştan so he remained at the hotel and told the rest to leave without him.^[20] The Prosecutor's Report said that the passengers in the car were themselves on their way to stage an assassination.^[21]

Ağar initially denied any links, but under media and political opposition pressure resigned on 8 November.^[30] His successor, Meral Akşener, announced that she had fired Istanbul Chief of Police Kemal Yazıcıoğlu, Police Security Department head Hanefi Avcı and several members of the police special forces.^[30]

Investigations

Parliament decided on 12 November to launch a commission of inquiry into links between police, politicians, and organised crime, and on 22 December President Suleyman Demirel brought party leaders together to seek consensus on investigating these issues. Parliament voted on 11 December to strip Ağar and Bucak of their parliamentary immunity.^[30]

Background

Kurdish–Turkish conflict

The fight against Kurdish separatists, most notably the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), reached its apex in the early 1990s. The PKK wanted to proclaim independence by 1994 at the latest, with their breakaway state centered in Şırnak. The PKK essentially controlled the towns of Şırnak and Cizre from their hiding posts in the mountains of Cudi, Gabar, and Namaz.

The military decided that anyone who could be persuaded to fight the PKK—not just the military, but the police, the mafia, Kurdish opposition groups, etc.—had to make a concerted effort. The "1993 Strategy" was drafted. It called for targeting individuals suspected of financing the PKK, pre-emptively catching members of the PKK using special forces, comprehensive psychological warfare, and a revamping of the military's inventory.^[1]^[22]

The proposal brought before the National Security Council was initially rejected. Notable detractors were president Turgut Özal and general Eşref Bitlis, who favored a peaceful solution. Both died in 1993. Bitlis was killed in a plane crash due to sabotage, while Özal purportedly died of a heart attack.^[1]

With the opposition out of the way, the plan was executed, with lieutenant general Hasan Kundakçı at the helm of the military operations. Professional assassins like Abdullah Çatlı and Alaattin Çakıcı took part, along with 2,500–5,000 members of the special forces.^[11] Many of these men were plucked from the ranks of the clandestine Counter-Guerrilla; the Turkish branch of the Operation Gladio.^[24] The Counter-Guerrilla was originally established to prepare for the subversion of a possible Warsaw Pact invasion. However, once the USSR dissolved, the Counter-Guerrilla were used to fight the PKK.

It is alleged that during this period, a delegate including Çiller, Demirel, Hüsamettin Cindoruk (Speaker of the Parliament), Aydın İlter (General Commander of the Gendarmerie), Nahit Menteşe (Interior Minister), and Ağar (as police chief) held a meeting with twelve tribal chiefs.^[25] The officials assured these warlords, known to have lengthy criminal records,^[26] that the state would supply them with whatever arms they needed in order to fight the PKK. The warlords requested MG-3 machine guns, rocket-propelled grenades, flame throwers, howitzers, and police tanks. The brass refused the last two items, and compensated by increasing the wages of the village guards (militias) under the warlords' employ.^[27]

In September 1993, Ağar, Eken, Şahin, Ertuğrul Ogan and weapons trafficker Ertaç Tinar traveled to Israel over Zurich. Ağar contacted senior Israeli intelligence officials. After some bargaining, Eken took delivery of 50 million USD worth of weapons (though only half of it was paid for) from the Özel Harekat Dairesi (ÖHD, police special forces department). On paper, the weapons appeared to be donated from Tinar's company, Hospro. Some of them later went missing; 10 9mm Micro Uzi, 10 9mm Micro Uzis, 10 Super MGs, and 10 22-caliber Beretta revolvers with silencers, and an AL 50Hv rocket launcher. Three of the Berettas were found in the Susurluk crash. A criminal investigation was launched against the deputy chair of the ÖHD, İbrahim Şahin, but he suffered a traffic accident and claimed to have lost his memory.^[28]^[29]

On 3 November 1994, Çiller, Köksal, Eymür, and Ağar left for Israel to establish a co-operation agreement on counter-terrorism and intelligence sharing. This was the first meeting between the prime ministers of the two countries. Çiller and Ağar—not the MİT officials—privately talked to MOSSAD officials about equipment they needed to catch Öcalan, who was in Syria. A rich assortment of assassination weapons was delivered to the ÖHD on 15 November, including 2 12.7-caliber Beretta telescopic rifles, 8 pump shotguns, 280 automatic Uzis, 20 7.62mm Galli rifles, 100 silencers, 145 rifle telescopes.^[30] Can Dündar suggests that the weapons were used for political purposes other than to assassinate Öcalan.^[31]

The chairman of the Workers' Party, Doğu Perinçek, alleged that "the Mafia-Gladio dictatorship"^[32] was subordinate to Çiller and Ağar.^[10]

Intelligence expert Mahir Kaynak said that Ağar's gang aimed to create a state within a state, complete with a shadow army (the village guard system), and intelligence organization, inside the police force. The MİT purged the gang in a crash that was passed off as an accident.^[33]

Turf war

The origins of the turf war date back to the reprisal operations in the 1980s against the militant Armenian organization, ASALA. Former president Kenan Evren ordered the MİT to organize a special forces unit headed by Çatlı in order to attack members of the ASALA and the PKK. MİT’s Deputy Regional Director Metin Günyol formed the team, composed of Çatlı (alias Mehmet Sarol), Oral Çelik (Atilla Çelik) and Mehmet Şener (Durmuş Unutmaz). Others included former nationalist club leaders Ramiz Ongun, Enver Tortaş, Tevfik Esensoy, Bedri Ateş (Uğur Özgöbek), Rıfat Yıldırım, Türkmen Onur and Üzeyir Bayraklı.^[34]^[35]^[36]

After the operations, Çatlı was distanced from the MİT for engaging in criminal activities for personal gain. He drifted to the police force, led by Mehmet Ağar.^[7] Once a Counter-Terrorism department was established in the MİT by 1996, Çatlı's unit came to be perceived as a competitor.^[37]

Mafias

The deputy chairman of ANAP, Yaşar Okuyan, broke down the mafia revenue (per annum, in trillion TL (now million TL)) as follows: 500 (drugs), 200 (gambling), 300 (money laundering). The total is equivalent to a black money market of $3.5 billion/year.^[40]

Three of the better-known gangs involved in scandal were the Kocaeli Gang (Hadi Özcan), the Söylemez Gang and the Yüksekova Gang.

The Soylemez Brothers gang (which included serving police and military) were caught with plans to raid the headquarters of the Bucak clan in Siverek, Urfa, the head of which is the DYP member of parliament (MP) Sedat Bucak, the only survivor of the crash. The blood feud between the Bucaks and the Söylemez gang is allegedly based on the fight between PKK and Bucaks^[41]

Drug trafficking

Gambling and money laundering

The "casino king" Ömer Lütfü Topal was one of the key figures in this aspect of the scandal. Tanju Akça sold such specialties and traded with Ömer Lütfü Topal with bribes of valuable materials. Allied with foreign guerrilla, now branched out to countries no boundary to their patrolling. One famous journalist wrote that many one-time nobodies suddenly became big politicians after entering the money laundering business, because the political parties were deeply involved in it (to finance their campaigns).^[43]

In response to public outrage, anti-money laundering legislation was passed in 1996, and regulations to implement it was put into place the next year.^[42]

Extrajudicial killings

Prime minister Çiller sanctioned the killing of businessmen who were suspected of lending financial support to the PKK.^[44]

The victims included "casino king" Ömer Lütfü Topal, Savaş Buldan, and Behçet Cantürk.^[45] Medet Serhat, who was Behçet Cantürk's one time lawyer, but respected by Cantürk as an elder brother, was also murdered although his business was legal, but he was a political figure.

Police chief Hanefi Avcı said that the gangs fell into infighting after alleged PKK financiers Behçet Cantürk and Savaş Buldan were assassinated, as the gangs had completed their mission of dismantling the PKK's financial foundation.^[11]

The police force's Special Operations Department ({{lang-tr|Özel Harekat Dairesi}}, ÖHD) was held responsible for some of the lawless killings. Nuran Yorulmaz, the mother of a Susurluk convict, recently spoke out, said Veli Küçük had ordered his son Oğuz (of the ÖHD) to kill almost 100 people. Oğuz Yorulmaz was killed on 29 May 2005 in a bar.^[45]

Brigadier General Veli Küçük, who was Giresun's Gendarmerie Regional Commander, was said by the parliamentary report to be the head of the Gendarmerie's covert counter-terrorism and intelligence wing, JİTEM.^[46] Küçük denies JİTEM's existence to this day,^[47] although there is a mountain of circumstantial evidence to the contrary.^[6]

Reaction

Official

The initial response of the Interior Minister Mehmet Ağar, who was allegedly one of the targets, was to undermine the investigation. First he denied that Çatlı was present, then he said that Çatlı was being delivered to the authorities, then he said a special investigation was not needed. He relented by allowing the sole survivor, Bucak, to speak.^[41]

Çiller had her speeches written by her advisors at the Analitik Grubu, whose members included Mümtazer Türköne; allegedly an acquaintance of Çatlı from the Grey Wolves leadership, and currently a columnist for Zaman.^[52]^[53] Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) deputy Tuğrul Türkeş alleges that Türköne was subordinate to Çatlı.^[54]

On 15 January 1998, Deputy Prime Minister Bülent Ecevit drew attention to skulduggery by JİTEM; the intelligence wing of the Gendarmerie.^[57]

Following the censorship of some pages of the report, HADEP Deputy Chairman Osman Özçelik drew attention to the involvement of state-sponsored gangs in ostensibly solving the Kurdish problem.^[58]

Civilian

Several demonstrations, some of which were proscribed, were organized in protest against the corruption and illegal activities uncovered by the investigations.^[59] A popular nationwide event, known as

"Sürekli Aydınlık İçin Bir Dakika Karanlık" ("One minute's darkness for the sake of perpetual light"), was organized to protest the "satanic triangle" (a nationalist mafia leader, a high ranking police officer, and a member of parliament). Participants all around the country turned off the lights for a minute every night at 9pm. Later this was changed to flashing the lights. This practice lasted from 1–28 February 1997.^[60] The

Deputy Chair of the DYP, Mehmet Golhan, denounced the protestors as traitors, while prime minister Necmettin Erbakan, of the Welfare Party, called them "parasites and conspirators...who have nothing to do apart from intrigue".^[61]

Some commentators felt that the public reaction was mute compared with the weight of the crime, and thus constituted tacit approval. In other words, the accused concluded the populace believed they had indeed been working in the best interests of the state.^[62]

Investigation

Three reports were prepared in the wake of the scandal. The first was by the National Intelligence Organization (MİT). Suspicions about the truthfulness of the MİT report led to the commissioning of a second report, by the chairman of the Prime Minister's Inspection Board ({{lang-tr|Başbakanlık Teftiş Kurulu Başkanı}}), Kutlu Savaş. 12 of the 124 pages of this report, dated 22 January 1998, were classified.^[63] Finally, a parliamentary investigation commission headed by Mehmet Elkatmış published a 350-page Susurluk Report in April 1997.

Addressing the Susurluk commission, CHP deputy Fikri Sağlar said that True Path Party leaders Tansu Çiller and Mehmet Ağar were at the heart of the scandal, and personally responsible for the "politics and economy becoming Mafia-like".^[64]

Sağlar attempted and failed to obtain the testimony of several people, including Teoman Koman, Necdet Üruğ, Veli Küçük, Tansu and Özer Çiller. When Tansu Çiller threatened to break the coalition government, prime minister Necmettin Erbakan prevented the Çillers' testimony from being taken.^[65]

Ağar kept mum, revealing only that he had acted in accordance with the NSC's plan (from 1993).

MİT report

The MİT report showed that Çatlı was at the Ankara Sheraton Hotel on 24 August 1996 in the company of a delegation from Brunei. He arrived at the hotel in a BMW with a false identification plate (06 KE 889). Though police had been informed about his whereabouts no one apprehended him because he was carrying a police ID card.^[67]

Inspection Board report

Parliamentary report

During an investigation conducted by the parliamentary commission on the Susurluk incident, Hanefi Avcı, the deputy chief of police intelligence, divulged connections and the names of senior officials, who were providing protection to gang leaders. Avcı also revealed a connection of a questionable nature between Çakıcı and Mehmet Eymür of the MİT.^[11]

Elkatmış said that the Chief of the General Staff, İsmail Hakkı Karadayı, prevented him from obtaining Küçük's testimony, saying that there was no need.^[99]

The commission’s report maintained that the state organs used the Grey Wolves and that some state forces initiated the right-left conflicts in the 1970s.^[75]

Aftermath

The European market for heroin contracted as other drugs, especially cocaine and ecstasy, took over.^[9]{{Rp|598}} In 2008, the Istanbul police seized 11 tons of drugs, 3.2 of which was heroin.^[76]

Ten years after the scandal, another gang called "Ergenekon" was discovered and tried. The chairman of the Susurluk commission, Mehmet Elkatmış, said that the two organizations were identical except in name.^[77] One of its key figures, Tuncay Güney, turned out to be subordinate to Eymür.

ÖHD deputy chief Şahin was detained in January 2009. Three maps in his possession led to the recovery of numerous weapons from scattered arms caches in Ankara. They turned out not to be the missing weapons from Susurluk.^[29]

Öcalan evaded assassination after a television reporter, Yalçın Küçük, publicized the plan on the PKK's TV channel, MED-TV.^[78] Küçük was also detained in the Ergenekon investigation.

Arrests and convictions

Reforms

The new undersecretary, Şenkal Atasagun, turned the MİT around, relocating Eymür and Ataç{{who|date=July 2017}} abroad, out of harm's way.^[80] Eymür eventually found residence in McLean, Virginia; the seat of the CIA. He faces charges of revealing state secrets and spying for the United States.^[81] Ataç too has been labeled a CIA asset.^[82]

A Draft Law on Struggling With Organized Crime and another draft on the legalization of JİTEM, allowing the Gendarmerie to legally carry out intelligence activities, were also prepared as consequences of this scandal.^[83]

Resignations and promotions

Ağar resigned when it became obvious that Çatlı was a police collaborator. On the other hand, 44 senior officials who were under investigation were promoted, including:^[85]

Şahin was close to ülkücü circles and Çatlı in particular, having been pictured dancing with him in a wedding.^[85] Şahin had provided numerous hitmen (Çatlı included) with passports through the Nevşehir police.^[86] In 1984 he was sentenced to two years in prison for torturing numerous people, but his conviction was overturned by the Supreme Court ({{lang-tr|Yargıtay}}) on a technicality, indicating the support of powerful actors behind the scenes.^[87]

Çakıcı's arrest

During Şenkal Atasagun's restructuring of the MİT, Yavuz Ataç was exiled to Beijing on 24 October 1997 for involvement with the mafia. The next month, Ataç handed Çakıcı the red passport that allowed him to travel freely.^[11]

Çakıcı was arrested on 16 August 1998 in France,^[88] carrying a diplomatic passport, after he allegedly threatened potential buyers of the Turkish Commerce Bank ({{lang-tr|Turk Ticaret Bankasi}}) over the telephone. He was extradited, imprisoned, then released. On the day of his final arrest, 3 May 2004, he escaped to Italy on a visa given to him at the Italian consulate.^[9]{{Rp|599}}

CHP deputy Fikri Sağlar alleges that Çakıcı deliberately chose to be apprehended in France, a country with a developed judicial system, and that he even contacted a lawyer beforehand. Çakıcı was allegedly in possession of incriminating information about other government officials at the time of his arrest. Turkey's ambassador to France at the time was Sönmez Köksal—the undersecretary of the MİT until February 1998.^[38]

Ataç had originally planned to give the passport to Mehmet Can Kulaksızoğlu, the fugitive leader of the Turkish Revenge Brigade and suspected mastermind behind the assassination attempt on Human Rights Association chairman Akın Birdal.^[82]

Çakıcı's arrest was timed to coincide with the wedding of Interior Minister Mehmet Ağar's son. Presidents Evren and Demirel were invited. Upon being informed of the arrest, Demirel changed his mind at the last minute about attending. The Çakıcı operation was not publicly revealed until 20:30, when the marriage ceremony took place.^[11]

Deaths of investigators

A number of Susurluk investigators died in suspicious car accidents curiously similar to the Susurluk car crash itself (rear-end collision with a truck). These include Judge Akman Akyürek, MIT investigator Ertugrul Berkman (both 1997) and Susurluk Commission member Bedri İncetahtacı (1999).^[89]

Footnotes

1. ^¹²Berkan, Ismet. "Gladio MGK Kararıyla Kuruldu", Radikal, 1996, quoted in {{cite news |url=http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-502189 |accessdate=2009-01-02 |title=Turkish Press Scanner |publisher=Hürriyet |date=1996-12-06 |work=Turkish Daily News }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} See also {{cite news |url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=31796 |accessdate=2009-01-02 |title=6 yıl sonra Gladio itirafı |work=Radikal |section=Türkiye |date=2002-03-14 |first=İsmet |last=Berkan |language=Turkish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522141245/http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=31796 |archivedate=2011-05-22 |df= }}
2. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/Siyaset/HaberDetay.aspx?aType=HaberDetay&ArticleID=977045&Kategori=siyaset&Date=11.08.2008&b=PKK%E2%80%99ya%20kar%C5%9F%C4%B1%20%C3%B6rt%C3%BCl%C3%BC%20operasyon%20planlar%C4%B1|accessdate=2009-01-04|title=PKK’ya karşı örtülü operasyon planları|section=Siyaset|work=Milliyet|date=2008-08-11|language=Turkish|first=Musa|last=Kesler|quote=Yurt içinde de örgütün legal uzantısı olan dernek, parti ve gazetelerde patlamalar olmuş, PKK’nın patlaycı madde, silah ve diğer lojistik desteğinin çok önemli kısmını sağlayan bazı kişiler suikastlere uğramıştır. ...bunun tek elden koordineli bir şekilde ve yanlışlıklara yol açmayacak tarzda yürütülmesi esas olmalıdır.}}
3. ^¹{{cite news|url=http://www.bianet.org/bianet/kategori/siyaset/5749/gladio-hazir-bekliyor|accessdate=2008-12-23|title=Gladio Hazır Bekliyor|work=Bianet|date=2001-11-03|first=Nazım|last=Alpman|language=Turkish|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403200733/http://www.bianet.org/bianet/kategori/siyaset/5749/gladio-hazir-bekliyor|archive-date=2008-04-03|dead-url=yes|df=}}
4. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/haber-4285-33-iki-mehmetin-kavgasi.html|accessdate=2008-12-25|title=İki Mehmet’in kavgası|date=1998-10-17|language=Turkish|first=Aydoğan|last=Vatandaş|authorlink=Aydoğan Vatandaş|volume=2002|journal=Aksiyon|publisher=Feza Gazetecilik A.Ş.|ref=harv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702193028/http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/haber-4285-33-iki-mehmetin-kavgasi.html|archive-date=2013-07-02|dead-url=yes|df=}}
5. ^{{cite news|url=http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-500699 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130418145241/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-500699 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-04-18 |accessdate=2009-01-01 |title=Ankara security forces hit heavily against PKK in last decade |publisher=Hürriyet |date=1996-12-19 |work=Turkish Daily News |quote=...the PKK is a very rich terrorist organization from its illegal activities, which he said are linked to the mafia and terrorism. He said that the PKK usually uses a route from Afghanistan through northern Iraq to Syria's Latakia (Lazkiye) harbor to transport drugs. }}
6. ^¹{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/pazar/3542856.asp|accessdate=2008-12-25|title=Bir var bir yok. Hem var hem yok: JİTEM|work=Hürriyet|first=Serhan|last=Yedig|date=2005-11-20|language=Turkish|quote=3 Kasım 1996’da Susurluk’ta meydana gelen trafik kazası, MİT Operasyon Dairesi’ne ve Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü Özel Harekat Dairesi’ne bağlı iki hukuk üstü silahlı grubun daha varlığını ortaya çıkarmıştı.}}
7. ^¹{{cite news |url=http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-502523 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721182809/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-502523 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2009-07-21 |accessdate=2008-11-07 |title=Whose gang is this? |work=Turkish Daily News |date=1997-01-17 |first=Mehmet Akif |last=Beki }}
8. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0721-03.htm|accessdate=2008-12-19|title=Turkey Warns US of Lengthy Iraq War|date=2002-06-21|agency=Associated Press|work=Common Dreams|first=Suzan|last=Fraser|quote=Turkey has long complained that it has lost some $40 billion in trade with Iraq since the 1991 Gulf War and U.N. embargo.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017232829/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0721-03.htm|archivedate=2006-10-17|df=}}
9. ^¹²³{{cite book|chapterurl=http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/law/2006-0803-203021/Bovenkerk_04_OC_Turkey.pdf|title=Organized Crime in Europe: Concepts, Patterns and Control Policies in the European Union and Beyond|editor=Cyrille Fijnaut, Letizia Paoli|publisher = Springer|year=2004|isbn=1-4020-2615-3|chapter=The Turkish Mafia and the State|author=Bovenkerk, Frank |author2=Yeşilgöz, Yücel|url=https://www.springer.com/social+sciences/criminology/book/978-0-387-09710-7|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-2765-9}}
10. ^{{cite news|url=http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-503391|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130418210519/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-503391|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2013-04-18|accessdate=2008-12-30|title=The smell of a grand cover-up on Susurluk|work=Turkish Daily News|publisher=Hürriyet|date=1997-04-04|first=Ilnur|last=Cevik}}
11. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{cite news|url=http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-509399 |archivedate=2011-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522141559/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnewsmobile.aspx?id=-509399 |dead-url=yes |title=State Gangs Like a Garbage Dump Waiting to Explode|work=Turkish Daily News|publisher=Hürriyet|date=1998-08-30 |first=Kemal|last=Balci}}
12. ^{{Ref|HRFT|1998|p=567}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://atin.org/detail.asp?cmd=articledetail&articleid=202|accessdate=2008-12-03|title=Uyuşturucudan Susurluk'a 01 - Susurluk'un Başlangıcı|date=2000-06-09|language=Turkish|work=Anadolu Türk İnterneti|quote=Esasında uyuşturucu bağlantılı iki İranlı'nın kaçırılması ve öldürülmesi olayı günümüzde 'SUSURLUK' olarak bilinen olayın başlangıç noktasıdır.|author=Eymür, Mehmet|authorlink=Mehmet Eymür}}
14. ^{{cite news|url=http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster/haber.aspx?id=-160997&yazarid=6|accessdate=2008-12-17|title=İranlı ajanın ölümü (2)|work=Hürriyet|first=Enis|last=Berberoğlu|date=2000-06-13|language=Turkish}}
15. ^Şener, Nedim (1999-01-07). "Topal'ın yıkama makinası". Milliyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-12-24.
16. ^"Topal'ın ürküten gücü". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 2008-12-24. Retrieved 2008-12-24.
17. ^Hurriyet Daily News, 16 December 1996, Turkish Press Scanner
18. ^{{harv|HRFT|1998|pp=565,566}}
19. ^¹²{{harv|HRFT|1998|p=39}}
20. ^{{cite news|url=http://yenisafak.com.tr/Gundem/?t=11.12.2008&c=1&i=155441|accessdate=2008-12-11|title=Veli Paşa o gazeteciyle benim yanımda konuştu|first=Beyhan|last=Cetinkaya|section=Gündem|date=2008-12-11|language=Turkish|work=Yeni Şafak}}
21. ^{{cite news|url=http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-502657|accessdate=2008-12-30|title=Susurluk report|work=Turkish Daily News|publisher=Hürriyet|date=1997-04-04|quote=Meanwhile, the confidential 'prosecutor's report' on Susurluk reached the conclusion that the 'Susurluk gang' was on its way to stage an assassination when it met with a road accident on Nov. 3, 1996.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130418212336/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-502657|archivedate=2013-04-18|df=}}
22. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/detay.php?id=15812|accessdate=2009-01-05|title=Irak savaşı PKK'ya hayat verdi|first=Faruk|last=Mercan|authorlink=Faruk Mercan|issue=511|language=Turkish|date=2004-09-20|work=Aksiyon|publisher=Feza Gazetecilik A.Ş.|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060118231229/http://aksiyon.com.tr/detay.php?id=15812 |archivedate = January 18, 2006}}
23. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/yazarDetay.do?haberno=148721|accessdate=2009-01-02|title=Ergenekon—has the coup already taken place?|date=2008-07-29|work=Today's Zaman|first=Andrew|last=Finkel|quote=In the weeks and months that followed, Mrs. Çiller became more hawkish than her predecessors.}}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}
24. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.variant.randomstate.org/12texts/Fernandes.html|accessdate=2008-10-24|title=United States and NATO inspired 'psychological warfare operations' against the 'Kurdish communist threat' in Turkey|author=Fernandes, Desmond |author2=Ozden, Iskender |journal=Variant|date=Spring 2001|quote=Recent revelations after the Susurluk car incident further point towards a 'Turkish Gladio' US-NATO connection...|volume=12|ref=harv|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060614080445/http://www.variant.randomstate.org/12texts/Fernandes.html |archivedate = June 14, 2006}}
25. ^Ahmet Zeydan, Tahir Adiyaman, Kamil Atak, Abdurrahman Ozbek, Suleyman Tatar, Abdurrahman Seylan, Hazim Abat, Osman Demir, Ramazan Cetin, Dilbaz Uncu, Isterder Ertus and Hakki Ture. The source that follows has details on the tribes of Adiyaman, Ture, Tatar, Babat, and Benek.
26. ^Failing to report let alone employing convicted criminals is a violation of Article 296 of the Turkish Criminal Code.
27. ^{{cite news|url=http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-500678|accessdate=2009-01-02|title=Ciller accused of supplying tribal chief, the murderer of seven soldiers, with weapons|publisher=Hürriyet|work=Turkish Daily News|first=Jan|last=Pacal|date=1996-12-12|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130418173542/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-500678|archivedate=2013-04-18|df=}}
28. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.gazeteport.com.tr/SIYASET/NEWS/GP_363295|accessdate=2009-01-12|title=Ne afmış ama!|section=SİYASET|work=Gazeteport|date=2009-01-12|language=Turkish}}
29. ^¹{{cite news|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=163650|accessdate=2009-01-09|title=Weapons found in Gölbaşı different from Susurluk rifles|date=2009-01-10|work=Today's Zaman|first=Melih|last=Duvakli}}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}
30. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.stargazete.com/gazete/yazar/ozel-harek-t-ozel-harp-161273.htm|accessdate=2009-01-09|title=Özel Harekát-Özel Harp|date=2009-01-10|first=Mehmet|last=Altan|work=Star|language=Turkish}}
31. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/Yazar.aspx?aType=YazarDetay&ArticleID=1044357&AuthorID=75&b=Israil%20ve%20%20Ergenekon&a=Can%20Dundar|first=Can|last=Dündar|authorlink=Can Dündar|accessdate=2009-01-08|title=İsrail ve Ergenekon|section=Güncel|work=Milliyet|date=2009-01-08|language=Turkish}}
32. ^{{cite news|url=http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-502109 |archivedate=2011-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522140454/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnewsmobile.aspx?id=-502109 |dead-url=yes |title=Perincek: 'I am the architect of the struggle against the Mafia-Gladio dictatorship'|work=Turkish Daily News|publisher=Hürriyet|date=1996-11-26|first=Zeki|last=Ayik}}
33. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.stargazete.com/gazete/yazar/ergenekon-147996.htm|accessdate=2008-12-12|title=Ergenekon|work=Star|first=Mahir|last=Kaynak|date=2008-11-15|language=Turkish|quote=Siyasi iktidar, silahlı güç olarak Emniyet ve korucular, istihbarat Emniyet içinde oluşturulacak ya da o zaman kurulması planlanan yeni istihbarat örgütü olacaktı. Ülkeye egemen olan güç, durumu fark etti ve belki kaderin yardımıyla, belki de birilerinin desteğiyle, meşhur kaza oldu ve örgüt etkisiz hale getirildi.}}
34. ^Ergenekon document reveals MİT’s assassination secrets {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080824065057/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=150621 |date=2008-08-24 }}, Today's Zaman, 19 August 2008.
35. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.gazeteport.com.tr/GUNCEL/NEWS/GP_261595|accessdate=2008-11-30|title=İşte Çatlı'nın, Evren onaylı 'devlet sırrı' eylemleri|section=Yargı / GÜNCEL|work=Gazeteport|date=2008-08-09|language=Turkish}}
36. ^This information was among twelve pages of the Inspection Board report that were classified; it can be found in folder 171{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} of the Ergenekon indictment's annex.
37. ^{{cite news|url=http://arsiv.zaman.com.tr/1996/12/29/guncel/politika.html#m|accessdate=2009-01-01|title=MİT raporu savaslari: kontr-teror merkezi|date=2004-02-13|quote=Yani 1980'den sonra, donemin Genelkurmay Baskani ve Sikiyonetim Komutani Orgeneral Kenan Evren tarafindan ASALA'ya karsi Hiram Abas'a kurdurtulan ve fakat daha sonra Emniyet Genel Mudurlugu'nden bazi isimlerin kontrolune giren ozel guc artik varlik sebebini yitiriyordu. Eymur ile Mehmet Agar arasindaki catisma burada acikca ortaya cikiyordu. Bu yuzden Mehmet Agar'in elinde bulundurdugu ve kimi zaman da zararli olabilen bu gucu dagitmanin vakti gelmisti.|work=Zaman|language=Turkish}}
38. ^¹²³{{cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/1998/08/31/politika/dev.html|accessdate=2008-12-23|title=Devletin tepesi haberdar|work=Radikal|section=Politika|date=1998-08-31|first=Yurdagul|last=Erkoca|language=Turkish|quote=Doğan Güreş bu işleri organize etmiş. Genelkurmay Başkanı Güreş asker kökenli Nuri Gündeş'i MİT Müsteşarlığı'na, Mehmet Ağar'ı da Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü'ne tavsiye etmiş. Gündeş'e Köşk izin vermemiş. Onlar da Başbakanlık istihbarat başdanışmanı yapmışlar. MİT de Ağar ve Gündeş'e karşı kendini korumak adına Mehmet Eymür'ü yeniden işe almış. Eymür birinci MİT raporunda Mehmet Ağar'la Nuri Gündeş'in, nasıl yolsuzluklara karıştığını anlatmıştı. Ağar da Mehmet Eymür'le arası bozuk olan ama onun yaptıklarını bilen Korkut Eken'i danışman olarak Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü'ne almış.}}
39. ^{{cite news|url=http://arsiv.sabah.com.tr/2008/12/01/haber,848D2AC9821249D2B1AD650029AEEDCC.html|accessdate=2008-12-03|title=Kontr-Terör'ün resmi kaydı yok|date=2008-12-01|first=Ecevit|last=Kilic|work=Sabah|language=Turkish}}
40. ^{{harv|HRFT|1998|p=77}}
41. ^¹²³{{cite news|url=http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-501919 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130114053340/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-501919 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-01-14 |accessdate=2008-12-11 |title='Traffic Monster' reveals state-mafia relations |publisher=Hürriyet |date=1996-11-06 |author=Aslaneli, Hakan |author2=Yoruk, Zafer F }}
42. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/www/global/narcotics_law/1997_narc_report/europ97_part4.html|accessdate=2008-12-24|title=Europe and Central Asia: continuation, part 3|work=International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997|date=March 1998|author=Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs|publisher=U.S. Department of State|location=Washington, DC}}
43. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/1998/10/10/yazarlar/ismber.html|accessdate=1998-10-10|title=Bir banka uğruna...|date=2008-04-06|work=Radikal|language=Turkish|first=İsmet|last=Berkan|authorlink=İsmet Berkan|quote=Banka sahibi olmak, daha önce kimsenin yüzüne bile bakmadığı insanları birden hükümet seviyesine çıkartıyor Türkiye'de. Çünkü Türkiye'nin en büyük kara para kullanıcılarının başında siyasi partilerimiz geliyor. Seçim dönemi harcamaları ...}} (see {{harv|HRFT|1998|pp=84,85}} for an English translation)
44. ^{{cite journal|title=Bit by bit, ugly facts come out|journal=The Economist|date=1998-01-31|volume=346|url=http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=111795|issue=8053|ref=harv}}
45. ^¹²{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/9825842.asp?gid=229&sz=73507|accessdate=2008-12-24|title='Oğlum devlet için çok adam öldürdü'|work=Hürriyet|date=2008-09-05|language=Turkish}}
46. ^{{harv|HRFT|1998|p=48}}
47. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnnturk.com/2008/turkiye/12/14/ergenekonda.veli.kucuk.kendini.savundu/504613.0/index.html|accessdate=2008-12-24|title=Ergenekon'da Veli Küçük kendini savundu|date=2008-12-14|quote=İddianameye ısrarla JİTEM adı konulmuştur. Jandarma Genel Komutanlığı'nın hiçbir zaman böyle bir birimi olmamıştır. Bu isim konularak sanki gizemli, gayriyasal bir oluşum varmış izlenimi yaratılmaktadır. Jandarma Genel Komutanlığı'nın istihbarı grupları gayri yasal bir faaliyette bulunmamıştır. JİTEM, TSK'ya yapılan bir saldırıdır|work=CNN TÜRK|language=Turkish}}
48. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/detay.php?id=23162|accessdate=2008-09-21|title=İlk Özel Harpçi Orgeneral|first=Faruk|last=Mercan|authorlink=Faruk Mercan|journal=Aksiyon|volume=579|date=2006-01-09|language=Turkish|quote=1950'den beri gelen kontrgerillalar, gladiolar, şunlar bunlar... Bunlar otuz senedir söylenen şeyler; hangisi realite içerisinde yerini buldu, hangisi delillendirildi, hangisi ortaya konuldu; hiçbir tanesi ortaya konulmadı.|ref=harv|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070608014728/http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/detay.php?id=23162 |archivedate = June 8, 2007}}
49. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.zaman.com.tr/haber.do?haberno=297459|accessdate=2008-12-29|title=Susurluk Davası'nda sürpriz tanıklar|work=Zaman|language=Turkish|date=2006-06-28|quote=Nereye kadar gidiyorsa gidilecektir? Kimse Susurluk'u örtbas edemez. Hükümetin görevi, yargının gereksinimi olan belgeyi bulmaktır.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716060238/http://www.zaman.com.tr/haber.do?haberno=297459|archive-date=2011-07-16|dead-url=yes|df=}}
50. ^{{cite news|url=http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-502235|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120708082923/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-502235|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2012-07-08|accessdate=2009-01-02|title=Ciller: A crusade is being fought against the government|date=1996-12-13|publisher=Hürriyet|work=Turkish Daily News}}
51. ^Lucy Komisar, Turkey's terrorists: a CIA legacy lives on, The Progressive, April 1997.
52. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/1997/10/02/haber/dogru.html|accessdate=2008-11-24|date=2000-11-29|title=DYP'de Çatlı ekibi|first=Aydin|last=Hasan|work=Milliyet|language=Turkish}}
53. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/yazarAd.do?kn=57 |title=Columns at Zaman |access-date=2008-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081117154711/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/yazarAd.do?kn=57 |archive-date=2008-11-17 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
54. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/9648431.asp|accessdate=2008-12-23|title=Mümtazer Türköne Çatlı’nın adamıydı|work=Hürriyet|date=2008-08-13|language=Turkish|first=Aslı|last=Sozbilir}}
55. ^{{cite news |url=http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-501919 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130114053340/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-501919 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-01-14 |accessdate=2008-12-11 |title=Turkes rejects connections between Catli and the MHP |work=Turkish Daily News |publisher=Hürriyet |date=1996-11-06 }}
56. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/1999/05/09/politika/01bir.html|accessdate=2008-12-23|title=Birinci turda sorun yok|work=Radikal|section=Politika|date=1999-05-09|language=Turkish|quote=Susurluk olayında MHP'li hiç kimse yoktur. Susurluk konusunun önünde, arkasında, hiçbir yerinde MHP yoktur.}}
57. ^{{harv|HRFT|1998|p=40}}: It seems that some illegal methods were employed within the state during the anti-terrorist struggle. In the report, some military people are mentioned, but the report implies that the army as a whole was not involved in such affairs. I am glad to hear that. If the army had been involved in such affairs, it would have been highly difficult for us to solve the problem. On the other hand, the situation of the Gendarme is a bit complex because its affiliation is to both the army and the Ministry of Interior Affairs. That's an outcome of the report. JİTEM seems corrupted.
58. ^{{harv|HRFT|1998|p=48}}: [The] Kurdish problem exists in almost every social crisis in Turkey. [Far from being] alleged, gangs are special instruments of the state and it is known that they have accelerated their activities after the Kurdish problem came on the agenda especially after 1980... It is clear that '1000 operations' statement of Mehmet Ağar, slaughter of more than 160 People's Labor Party-Democratic Party and People's Democracy Party [all Kurdish parties] board members and members, murders of Kurdish businessmen, village raids and provocation are acts considered as 'state secret'.
59. ^{{harv|HRFT|1998|pp=60–62}}
60. ^{{cite news |url = http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=214302 |title = 10. yılında 28 ŞUBAT (5) |work = Radikal |first = Murat |last = Yetkin |date = 2007-03-01 |accessdate = 2008-08-06 |language = Turkish |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090701171836/http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=214302 |archive-date = 2009-07-01 |dead-url = yes |df = }}
61. ^{{cite news |url=http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-500825 |title=One Minute of Darkness - Back For Democracy |work=Turkish Daily News |date=1997-04-04 |first=Zafer F |last=Yoruk |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019035337/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-500825 |archivedate=2014-10-19 |df= }}
62. ^{{harv|HRFT|1996|p=136}}: It is not for nothing that these powers openly declare that “they are the real patriots, they are the state.” This conviction also stems from a collective social legalization process.
63. ^The missing parts of the Inspection Board report: {{cite news |url = http://www.taraf.com.tr/haber/14278.htm |title = 12 yasak sayfa |work = Taraf |date = 2008-08-09 |language = Turkish |access-date = 2008-12-01 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100228210918/http://www.taraf.com.tr/haber/14278.htm |archive-date = 2010-02-28 |dead-url = yes |df = }}
64. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/archives.php?id=2507|archivedate=2008-10-25|archiveurl=http://tdnarchives.blogspot.com/1997/04/susurluk-commission-member-saglar.html|title=Susurluk Commission member Saglar: 'Ciller and Agar must be investigated'|work=Turkish Daily News|date=1997-04-12|first=Ayla|last=Ganioglu}}
65. ^{{cite news |url = http://www.taraf.com.tr/haber.asp?id=23555 |archive-url = https://archive.is/20130418151954/http://www.taraf.com.tr/haber.asp?id=23555 |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 2013-04-18 |accessdate = 2008-12-16 |title = Çiller tehdit etti Küçük’ü çağıramadık |date = 2008-12-16 |work = Taraf |first = Ergulen |last = Toprak |language = Turkish}}
66. ^{{cite news |url = http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-501972 |accessdate = 2008-12-28 |title = How Far has the Cancer Spread? |work = Turkish Daily News |publisher = Hürriyet |date = 1996-11-08 |author = Aslaneli, Hakan |author2 = Yoruk, Zafer F |archive-url = https://archive.is/20130418154847/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-501972 |archive-date = 2013-04-18 |dead-url = yes |df = }}
67. ^{{cite news |url=http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-500626 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120701111124/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-500626 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2012-07-01 |accessdate=2008-12-19 |title=Turkish Press Scanner: Çatlı was protected by the police |date=1996-11-06 |publisher=Hürriyet |work=Turkish Daily News }}
68. ^{{cite news|url=http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/1998/01/28/26184.asp|accessdate=2008-12-24|date=1998-01-28|title=Bucak Aşireti uyuşturucu işinde |language=Turkish|work=Hürriyet}}
69. ^{{cite news|url=http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/1998/01/28/26185.asp|accessdate=2008-12-24|date=1998-01-28|title=Önlerine gelene polis kimliği dağıtmışlar|language=Turkish|work=Hürriyet}}
70. ^¹{{cite news|url=http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/1998/01/23/25446.asp|title=Başbakan'a gidecekler Özer Bey'den geçiyordu|accessdate=2008-12-21|date=1998-01-23|language=Turkish|work=Hürriyet}}
71. ^¹{{cite news|url=http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/1998/01/28/26186.asp|title=Eymür, DYP ve Özer Çiller'i aradı|accessdate=2008-12-24|date=1998-01-23|language=Turkish|work=Hürriyet}}
72. ^{{harv|HRFT|1998|p=51}}
73. ^{{cite news |url = http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=161385&bolum=101 |accessdate = 2008-12-16 |title = Küçük remains obstinate despite clear-cut evidence |date = 2008-12-16 |author = Imre, Nuri |author2 = Tas, Baran |work = Today's Zaman |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218205604/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=161385&bolum=101 |archive-date = 2008-12-18 |dead-url = yes |df = }}
74. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/Default.aspx?aType=YazarYazisi&ArticleID=910409&Yazar=MURAT%20YETK%C4%B0N&Date=28.11.2008&CategoryID=98|accessdate=2008-12-19|title=Susurluk-Ergenekon: Benzerlikler-ayrılıklar|section=Politika|work=Radikal|date=2008-11-28|first=Murat|last=Yetkin|language=Turkish|quote=Aslında haklısınız... Ama ne yapalım? İyi aile terbiyesi almış, düzgün işlerde çalışan kişilerden terörizm, uyuşturucu kaçakçılığı, espiyonaj bilgisi alamıyorsunuz ki; onlar nereden bilecek? Bu muhbirleri Yenicami avlusunda güvercinlere yem atanlar arasından toplamıyoruz. Mecburen suç dünyasının içine yönelim oluyor. Bazen de başımıza bela oluyorlar böyle.}}
75. ^Annual Report 1997, Human Rights Foundation of Turkey, {{ISBN|975-7217-22-0}}. In the Turkish version the quote is on pg. 7
76. ^{{cite news |url = http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=162241 |accessdate = 2008-12-25 |title = İstanbul police seize 11 tons of drugs in past year |date = 2008-12-25 |first = Ufuk |last = Koroglu |work = Today's Zaman}}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
77. ^¹{{cite news|url=http://yenisafak.com.tr/Gundem/?t=19.08.2008&i=135386|accessdate=2008-11-22|title=Veli Küçük'ü Karadayı Paşa korudu|date=2008-08-19|first=Behcet|last=Gungor|work=Yeni Şafak|quote=Susurluk olayı ile Ergenekon olayı aslında aynı şey. İkisinin birbirinden tek farkı ismi. O zaman Meclis komisyonu devlet içindeki derin yapılanmayı ortaya çıkarmıştı. Ülkeyi kollamak adına ortaya çıkan bir kısım insanların zamanla devlet içinde bir yapılanmaya girdikleri ve bu işi ranta çevirdiklerine kamuoyu şahit olmuştur|language=Turkish}}
78. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.stargazete.com/politika/yalcin-kucukten-ocalana-kac-mesaji-aciklamasi-136844.htm|accessdate=2008-12-29|title=Yalçın Küçük'ten 'Öcalan'a kaç mesajı' açıklaması|work=Star|date=2008-10-15|language=Turkish}}
79. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite news|url=http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-522210|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120726104518/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-522210|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2012-07-26|accessdate=2008-12-24|title=Susurluk verdict: Guilty|work=Turkish Daily News|publisher=Hürriyet|date=2008-12-24|first=Hasan|last=Altinisik}}
80. ^{{cite news|url=http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/1998/08/22/62462.asp|accessdate=2008-12-22|date=1998-08-22|title=Bir istihbarat hikâyesi|first=Fatih|last=Altayli|work=Hürriyet|language=Turkish|quote=Şenkal Atasagun, MİT'i toparladı ve asli görevine döndürdü...Atasagun da bu tarihi temizliği yapan adam olarak MİT müsteşarları arasındaki onurlu yerini alacak.}}
81. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2000/05/23/t/haber/hab13.html|accessdate=2008-12-12|title=Eymur'un acik adresi elcilikte|author=Atar, Ersan|author2=Sik, Barsin |work=Milliyet|language=Turkish|date=2000-05-23}}
82. ^¹{{cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/1998/08/27/yorum/turk.html|accessdate=2008-12-25|title=Türkiye kabuğunu kırıyor |work=Radikal|date=1998-08-27|language=Turkish|quote=MİT ne Alaattin Çakıcı'ya kırmızı pasaport sağlamakla suçlanan onun 'cays officer'in gizli servisteki sorumlusu Yavuz Ataç'ın ne de dünkü veya bugünkü yöneticilerinin malıdır.}}
83. ^{{harv|HRFT|1998|pp=56,59}}
84. ^{{cite news |url=http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-500699 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130418145241/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-500699 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-04-18 |accessdate=2009-01-01 |title=Çiller orders casinos closed |publisher=Hürriyet |work=Turkish Daily News |date=1996-12-19 |first=Hakan |last=Aslaneli }}
85. ^¹{{cite news|url=http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/1998/06/05/47701.asp|title=İbrahim Şahin'e terfi|accessdate=2008-10-25|date=1998-06-05|work=Hürriyet}}
86. ^{{cite news|url=http://arsiv.sabah.com.tr/2000/06/21/y35.html|accessdate=2008-11-24|title=Ecevit bağırıyordu: 'Beni de vurun kalleşler'|work=Sabah|date=2000-06-20|language=Turkish|first=Can|last=Dündar|authorlink=Can Dündar}}
87. ^{{cite video|format=WMV|url=http://www.candundar.com.tr/_media/40_dakika_abdi_ipekci.wmv|time=17:00|people=Can Dündar|publisher=Show TV|date=1997|title=Abdi İpekçi Cinayeti|language=Turkish|access-date=2008-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218091720/http://www.candundar.com.tr/_media/40_dakika_abdi_ipekci.wmv|archive-date=2008-12-18|dead-url=yes|df=}}
88. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=162799|title=Alaattin caves in|journal=The Economist|date=1998-08-29|volume=348|pages=49–50|issue=8083|ref=harv}}
89. ^Today's Zaman, 21 November 2008, ‘Those who threatened me years ago are now in Ergenekon’ {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20130705194915/http://todayszaman.com/news-159370-those-who-threatened-me-years-ago-are-now-in-ergenekon.html |date=2013-07-05 }}