| 词条 | Sverdlov-class cruiser | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Sverdlov-class cruisers, Soviet designation Project 68bis, were the last conventional gun cruisers built for the Soviet Navy. They were built in the 1950s and were based on Russian, German, and Italian designs and concepts developed prior to the Second World War. They were modified to improve their sea keeping capabilities, allowing them to run at high speed in the rough waters of the North Atlantic. The basic hull was more modern and had better armor protection than vast majority of the post World War Two gun cruiser designs built and deployed by peer nations. They also carried an extensive suite of modern radar equipment and anti-aircraft artillery. The Soviets originally planned to build 40 ships in the class, which would be supported by the {{sclass-|Stalingrad|battlecruiser}}s and aircraft carriers. This class of cruiser satisfied Stalin's and Soviet Navy leadership's desire to create a ship that was in keeping with a Soviet Naval doctrine focused on supporting the defense of the Russian coastline, operating out of naval bases worldwide and protecting Arctic, Baltic, Mediterranean and Black Sea interests. A secondary commerce raiding and political presence mission in the third world was also envisioned for this class of ship. They were considered obsolete by Soviet Premier Khrushchev and Soviet Defence staff for the missile age in which defensive and anti submarine resources were the priority and only grudgingly conceded to allowing some cruisers for limited roles as flagships in strategic and tactical naval operations. Within the Soviet Navy, leading Admirals still believed in 1959 that more big cruisers would be useful in the sort of operations planned in Cuba and support of Indonesia. And the Sverdlovs were a threat to the British and Dutch Navies which lacked 24 hour day night, carrier capability before satellite surveillance. The big ship threat was real and useful in justifying conventional fleet and carrier construction to the Royal Navy, especially in the North Atlantic.[1] Britain responded by introducing the Blackburn Buccaneer, a carrier-based strike aircraft that had the performance required to approach and attack Sverdlov class ships at ultra low level, using toss bombing attacks to deliver nuclear ordnance, while remaining outside the 5 km lethal range of the Russian 100mm and 37mm guns. When the building program was cut back and the battlecruisers and carriers were cancelled, the Sverdlovs were left dangerously unprotected when operating in areas outside the cover of land-based aircraft. Their secondary mission, operating on their own as commerce raiders, was also compromised as they would be extremely vulnerable, in good weather, to USN Carrier Battle Groups equipped with modern strike aircraft and the remaining Baltimore and Des Moines-class cruisers equipped with 8 inch guns. The Royal Navy's last, Colony and Tiger class gun cruisers, and the USN's Gearing and Forrest Sherman class destroyers, lacked armour and range[2] and speed required to counter the Sverdlov. In 1954 Sverdlov class construction was cancelled by Khrushchev after 14 hulls had been completed. Two additional hulls were scrapped on the slip and four partially complete Sverdlovs launched in 1954 were scrapped in 1959. The remaining ships in the Soviet Fleet remained in service through the 1970s, when they underwent a limited modernization program before finally leaving service in the late 1980s. Only the Mikhail Kutuzov is still preserved, in Novorossiysk. HistoryThe project to build the Sverdlov-class cruisers was formally approved on 27 May 1947. The first three ships of the class were named after cancelled ships of the Chapayev class. Thirty ships were originally ordered; however, upon Joseph Stalin's death in 1953, this order was cut to 21 in 1954. Once the first fifteen hulls were laid down, orders for a second group of 6 ships was modified to include provisions for protection against nuclear fallout, but none were completed. Plans were developed and drawings were created to upgrade the ships to support a cruise missile capability; however, these plans were dropped and new construction was cancelled in 1959; incomplete ships were all scrapped by 1961.[3] Reductions in cruiser force levels was contrary to the views of Soviet Navy leadership, who insisted cruisers still provided a valuable capability to act as command ships for naval gunfire support of amphibious operations. They also thought they would provide a political presence in contested areas of the third world, e.g. Cuba and Indonesia. Had more Sverdlovs been available at the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, they would certainly have been deployed. The Soviet Navy intended to base several older Chapayev class cruisers at Cuban ports, had the operation succeeded. These ships were outclassed as surface combatants, due to their lack of an anti-ship cruise missile capability. The limited modernization of those ships still in service in the 1970s relegated them to service as naval gunfire support platforms.[4] The standard Soviet practice was to pass the cruisers in and out of reserve status. Most were relegated to a reserve status by the early 1980s. Today, only one of the ships remain: the Mikhail Kutuzov. It is a museum ship in Novorossiysk. DesignThe Sverdlov-class cruisers were improved and slightly enlarged versions of the {{sclass-|Chapayev|cruiser|4}}. They had the same main armament, machinery and side protection as the earlier ships, but had increased fuel capacity for greater range, an all welded hull, improved underwater protection, increased anti-aircraft artillery and radar. The Sverdlov class displaced 13,600 tons standard and 16,640 tons at full load. They were {{convert|210|m|ftin}} long overall and {{convert|205|m|ftin}} long at the waterline. They had a beam of {{convert|22|m|ftin}} and draught of {{convert|6.9|m|ftin}} and typically had a complement of 1,250. The hull was a completely welded new design and the ships had a double bottom for over 75% of their length. The ship also had twenty-three watertight bulkheads. The Sverdlovs were had 6 boilers providing steam to two shaft geared steam turbines generating {{convert|118,100|shp|lk=in}}. This gave the ships a maximum speed of {{convert|32.5|kn|lk=in}}. The cruisers had a range of {{convert|9,000|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|18|kn}}.[3] Sverdlov-class cruisers main armament included twelve {{convert|152|mm|in|abbr=on|0}}/57 cal B-38 guns mounted in four triple Mk5-bis turrets. They also had twelve {{convert|100|mm|in|abbr=on}}/56 cal Model 1934 guns in six twin SM-5-1 mounts. For anti-aircraft weaponry, the cruisers had thirty-two {{convert|37|mm|in|abbr=on}} anti-aircraft guns in sixteen twin mounts and were also equipped with ten {{convert|533|mm|in|abbr=on|0}} torpedo tubes in two mountings of five each.[3]The Sverdlovs had {{convert|100|mm|in|abbr=on}} belt armor and had a {{convert|50|mm|in|abbr=on}} armored deck. The turrets were shield by {{convert|175|mm|in|abbr=on}} armor and the conning tower, {{convert|150|mm|in|abbr=on}} armor.[3] The cruisers' ultimate radar suite included one 'Big Net' or 'Top Trough' air search radar, one 'High Sieve' or 'Low Sieve' air search radar, one 'Knife Rest' air search radar and one 'Slim Net' air search radar. For navigational radar they had one 'Don-2' or 'Neptune' model. For fire control purposes the ships were equipped with two 'Sun Visor' radars, two 'Top Bow' 152 mm gun radars and eight 'Egg Cup' gun radars. For electronic countermeasures the ships were equipped with two 'Watch Dog' ECM systems.[3] ModificationsBy the early 1960s, the torpedo tubes were removed from all ships of the class. In 1957 the Admiral Nakhimov had a KSShch (NATO reporting name: SS-N-1 "Scrubber") anti-ship missile launcher installed to replace "A" and "B" turrets. The modification was designated Project 68ER. This trial installation was not successful and the ship was rapidly decommissioned and used as a target ship in 1961.[3] Dzerzhinsky had a SAM launcher for the M-2 Volkhov-M missile (SA-N-2 "Guideline"), which replaced the aft turrets in 1960-62, with the designation Project 70E. This conversion was also considered to be unsuccessful and no further ships were converted. As the entire missile installation was above the armored deck and the missile itself, based on the S-75 Dvina (SA-2 "Guideline"), was liquid-fueled (acid/kerosene), it would have represented a serious hazard to the ship in action.[3]Zhdanov and Senyavin were converted to command ships in 1971 by replacing the "X" turret with extra accommodation and electronics, four twin AK-230 30 mm guns, and a 4K33 "Osa-M" (SA-N-4 "Gecko") Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) system. Senyavin also had the "Y" turret removed to make room for a helicopter deck and hangar, and four additional AK-230 mounts installed atop the Osa-M missile system. Zhdanov and Senyavin were respectively designated Project 68U1 and Project 68U2.[3]Oktyabrskaya Revolyutsia was refitted with an enlarged bridge in 1977, with Admiral Ushakov and Aleksandr Suvorov receiving the same modification in 1979, and later, Mikhail Kutusov. These ships had four of their 37 mm twin mounts removed, and eight 30 mm AK-230 mounts were added. These ships were designated Project 68A.[3]Ships
GallerySee also
ReferencesCitations1. ^{{Cite book |title=Nimrod's Genesis |last=Gibson |first=Chris |publisher=Hikoki Publications |year=2015 |isbn=978-190210947-3 |ref=harv |pages=17, 41–42}} 2. ^D.K Brown.Rebuilding the RN. Warship Design since 1945. Seaforth (2012), p 48 & A. Clarke. 'Sverdlov Cruisers and the RN Response'. British Naval History, 12-5-2015 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Gardiner and Chumbley, p. 378 4. ^{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of World Sea Power|publisher=Crescent Books|year=1988|isbn=0517653427|page=81|author=Chris Bishop and Tony Cullen}} 5. ^1 Michael Holm, Sverdlov class, accessed May 2014. Sources
External links{{Commons category|Sverdlov class cruiser}}
2 : Cruiser classes|Sverdlov-class cruisers |
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