| 词条 | Swallow Reef | ||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Swallow Reef | image name = Swallow Reef, Spratly Islands.png | image caption = Satellite image of Swallow Reef by NASA. | image size = 250px | pushpin map = South China Sea | native name = | native name link = | other_names = Tanwan Reef, 彈丸礁, 燕子島 (Chinese) Pulau Layang-Layang (Malay) Celerio; (Filipino) Đá Hoa Lau (Vietnamese) | location = South China Sea | coordinates = {{coord|7|22|20|N|113|50|30|E|display=inline,title}} | archipelago = Spratly Islands | total islands = | major islands = | area = {{convert|35|ha|acres}} | length = | width = | coastline = | highest mount = | elevation = | country claim = People's Republic of China | country claim divisions title = City | country claim divisions = Sansha, Hainan | country 1 claim = Republic of China (Taiwan) | country 1 claim divisions title = Municipality | country 1 claim divisions = Cijin, Kaohsiung | country 2 claim = Vietnam | country 2 claim divisions title = District | country 2 claim divisions = Truong Sa, Khanh Hoa | country = Malaysia | country admin divisions title = State | country admin divisions = Sabah | population as of = | density = | ethnic groups = | additional info =Malaysian population: 70[1]Malaysian postal code: 88005[2] }}Swallow Reef, known as Pulau Layang-Layang in Malaysia, 燕子島 in China, Celerio in the Philippines and Đá Hoa Lau in Vietnam, is an oceanic atoll of the Spratly Islands administered by Malaysia, which is situated approximately {{convert|300|km|miles}} northwest of Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. The atoll is about 7km long and 2km wide with a central lagoon. The part of the atoll above sea level is a reef on the south-east rim which had an original land area of approximately {{convert|6.2|ha|acres}}, but with reclaimed land now covers {{convert|35|ha|acres}},[2] measuring over {{convert|1.5|km|mi|abbr=out}} long and {{convert|200|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} wide.[3] The Royal Malaysian Navy (RMN) has maintained a presence on the reef since 1983, but as with all of the Spratly Islands, the ownership is disputed, and it is also claimed by the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan) and Vietnam. The Philippines does not lay claim to Swallow Reef.[4] The island has gained recognition as a destination for scuba divers.[5]. Layang Layang is especially known for the hammerhead sharks during the May mating season. [6]. Its air transport needs are served by the Layang-Layang Airport. HistoryOn 21 June 1980, a claim plaque was erected on the reef by Malaysia's PASKAL special forces.[7] In May 1983, eighteen PASKAL members built their first encampment, signifying the start of the Royal Malaysian Navy's presence. At the time, the only infrastructure available was a helipad for personnel transfer, and the special forces had to camp under the open skies on the bare reef. Naval Station "Lima" was constructed in April 1986, consisting of a small living-cum-operations centre. In 1989, the government decided to develop the island into a tourist spot.[3] By 1991, the resort had completed construction and had developed into a comfortable and popular diving spot.[7][11] By 1995, more buildings were added, including two air-conditioned accommodation blocks, an aircraft landing strip, two hangars, a radar station, an air traffic control tower, watchtowers and a jetty. On 20 July 2003, the Layang-Layang Airport expansion which increased the length of the runway from {{convert|1064|m|foot}} to {{convert|1367|m|foot}} was completed. As a result, the length of the island increased from 1.2 kilometres to over 1.5 kilometres.[3] In July 2004, a marine research facility, MARSAL (Marine Research Station Pulau Layang-Layang) was opened.[8] On 5 March 2009, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, the Malaysian Prime Minister of the time, visited the island.[9] TourismThe island has a reputation as a destination for scuba divers, with clear water and a variety of marine life including hammerhead sharks, pigmy seahorses, jack fish, barracuda and manta rays.[5][16] FacilitiesLayang-Layang Airport{{Further|Layang-Layang Airport}}The airport consists of a paved aircraft runway, two aircraft hangars, a radar station, an air traffic control tower and watchtowers. The runway, made of concrete, is 1367m long and 28m wide.[3] The runway has a Pavement Classification Number of 032RBXU, indicating that the runway is a medium strength rigid pavement, with a high maximum tire pressure.[10] The aviation facilities on the island allow the operation of C130 Hercules transport planes and CN-235 maritime patrol aircraft of the Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF). Layang Layang Aerospace offers flights for civilians to and from the airport. Layang-Layang ResortLayang-Layang is a 3 star resort located on the island open from 28 February – 1 September. It has 86 rooms and shares the look of a Borneo Longhouse, the traditional community homes of Borneo's tribal people. The resort's restaurant serves Asian and Western Cuisine. There are also fresh water swimming pools and a body massage and foot reflexology centre called Raba Raba House.[11][12][13] Naval Station LimaThe Royal Malaysian Navy has maintained an "offshore naval station" on the island since 1983, and CB90 assault craft based in the station patrol the surrounding waters. Several anti-ship and anti-aircraft guns are placed around the reef, and the personnel operate a Starburst air defence system to prevent low level attacks on the island.[7] The jetty is located inside the lagoon of the submerged atoll, and has access to the sea through a man-made path cleared of corals. The naval personnel are normally stationed on the island on a three-month rotational deployment, transferring from Kota Kinabalu, where the Naval Area Base II (Mawila II) is located.[14] Marine Research StationThe Malaysian Fisheries department operates a marine research facility, MARSAL (Marine Research Station Pulau Layang-Layang) on the island.{{cn|date=August 2017}} UtilitiesElectricityThe main power source of the island comes from diesel generators. On the naval station, there is a large windmill maintained by state-owned power company Tenaga Nasional which harnesses power from wind speeds of up to 50 knots to provide additional electricity supply to the base.[14] WaterThe island's clean water supply of 57 tons per day is obtained from a distilled water processing plant.[3] Post serviceIn 2015, Malaysia launched a postcode for those living in the island.[15] Internet and mobile cellular connectivitiesInternet services are currently been improved and mobile connectivities will be improved from 2G to 3G by Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission.[16] ClimateSwallow Reef is located within the equatorial belt and has an equatorial climate. It is closed to tourists from November to January each year due to heavy monsoon rains, however, Malaysian Armed Forces personnel operate on the island year-long. Temperatures range from 24 to 32 °C. Although an equatorial climate comes with fairly high humidity, there are cooling sea breezes. AccessibilityThe only civilian flight route to Swallow Reef is a one-hour flight from Sabah's capital Kota Kinabalu. Layang Layang Aerospace is the only airline that services this route, using its fleet of Nomad N22C planes. A return ticket must be purchased before departure from Kota Kinabalu International Airport. The Royal Malaysian Navy uses CB90 boats for access to the area and also stations the boats on the island for patrols in the area. The Royal Malaysian Air Force uses CN235 and C130 Hercules aircraft as well as Nuri helicopters for access to the island. See also
References1. ^http://www.malaysiasite.nl/layangeng.htm 2. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20150210000053&cid=1101 | title=WantChinaTimes(Taiwan) | accessdate=16 March 2015}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web | url=http://konflikdanmiliter.blogspot.sg/2014/09/history-of-station-lima-at-swallow-reef.html | title=History of Station Lima at Swallow Reef (Terumbu Layang-Layang)|date=8 September 2014|website=Konflikdanmiliter |publisher=Blogspot| accessdate=15 March 2015}} 4. ^The Philippines does not lay claim to Swallow Reef; it is outside of the Kalayaan Island Group which was defined by Presidential Decree No. 1596 signed by Ferdinand Marcos - {{cite web |url=http://www.verafiles.org/docs/pd1596.pdf |title=Philippine Presidential Decree No. 1596 |accessdate=31 August 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006170547/http://www.verafiles.org/docs/pd1596.pdf |archivedate=6 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }} 5. ^1 {{Cite journal |title=Layang Layang: An Empirical Study on Scuba Divers' Satisfaction |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233645574_Layang_Layang_An_Empirical_Study_on_Scuba_Divers%27_Satisfaction |journal=ResearchGate |last=Musa|first=Ghazali |date=October 2006 }} 6. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.diveglobal.com/diving/layang-layang/ | title=Scuba Diving in Layang Layang|website=DiveGlobal}} 7. ^1 2 This blog contains a useful summary of the history of the Malaysian settlements in the Spratly Islands. It expands on the basic facts provided in the Mohd Nizam Basiron chapter (Ref 4), filling in some of the gaps.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} (Note: A blog is NOT a RS - hence the "citation needed" tag - but until a RS is identified, it's better than nothing.) 8. ^1 {{cite book |author= Mohd Nizam Basiron |chapter=5 |title= The search for sustainability and security : Malaysia's maritime challenges and opportunities |editor1=Joshua Ho |editor2=Sam Bateman |work= Maritime Challenges and Priorities in Asia: Implications for Regional Security |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQEw-ffhOykC&pg=PA74 |date=15 February 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-29820-2 |pages=73–75}} 9. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.mofa.gov.tw/EnMobile/News_Content.aspx?s=753CCE4C4E158D55 | title=Taiwan Ministry of Foreign Affairs | accessdate=16 March 2015}} 10. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.airports-worldwide.com/spratly_islands/swallow_reef_spratly_islands.php | title=AirportsWorldwide | accessdate=15 March 2015}} 11. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.journeymalaysia.com/islandlayanglayang.htm | title=JourneyMalaysia | accessdate=15 March 2015}} 12. ^Layang Layang Island Resort, www.layanglayang.com 13. ^1 {{Cite web |url=http://www.layanglayang.com/diving.php?lang=en |title=Layang Layang Island Resort - Diving |publisher= www.layanglayang.com }} 14. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://navypaskal.blogspot.sg/2007/12/well-primed-to-repel-attacks.html | title=Well primed to repel attacks|author=Zulkifli Abd Rahman |date=2 December 2007|website=Navy Paskal Fan Page|publisher=Blogspot| accessdate=15 March 2015}} 15. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v8/ge/newsgeneral.php?id=1159562|title=Deepest Underwater Post Box Launched At Pulau Layang-layang|publisher=Bernama|date=7 August 2015|accessdate=9 August 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809003406/http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v8/ge/newsgeneral.php?id=1159562|archivedate=9 August 2015|deadurl=yes}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sinarharian.com.my/nasional/skmm-naik-taraf-internet-di-pulau-layang-layang-1.417295|title=SKMM naik taraf internet di Pulau Layang-layang|language=Malay|publisher=Sinar Harian|date=7 August 2015|accessdate=9 August 2015}} External links
4 : Reefs of the Spratly Islands|Landforms of Sabah|Landforms of Malaysia|Atolls of the Pacific Ocean |
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