词条 | Tamambo language | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
| name = Tamambo | altname = Malo | states = Vanuatu | region = Malo Island, Espiritu Santo | speakers = 4,000 | date = 2001 | ref = e18 | refname = Malo | familycolor = Austronesian | fam2 = Malayo-Polynesian | fam3 = Oceanic | fam4 = Southern Oceanic | fam5 = Northern Vanuatu | fam6 = Northeast Vanuatu – Banks Islands | fam7 = West Santo | iso3 = mla | iso3comment = Malo[1] | glotto = malo1243 | glottoname = Tamambo | notice = IPA }} Tamambo, or Malo,[1] is an Oceanic language spoken by 4,000 people on Malo and nearby islands in Vanuatu. PhonologyVowels
Consonants
The prenasalized postalveolar stop {{IPA|/ᶮɟ/}} is often affricated and voiceless, i.e. {{IPA|[ᶮtʃ]}}. Younger speakers often realize {{IPA|/β/}} as {{IPA|[f]}} initially and {{IPA|[v]}} medially, while {{IPA|/βʷ/}} is often replaced by {{IPA|[w]}}. {{IPA|/x/}} is usually realized as {{IPA|[x]}} initially, but some speakers use {{IPA|[h]}}. Medially, it may be pronounced as any of {{IPA|[x ɣ h ɦ ɡ]}}.Writing systemFew speakers of Tamambo are literate, and there is no standard orthography. Spelling conventions used include:
Pronouns and person markersIn Tamambo, personal pronouns distinguish between first, second, and third person. There is an inclusive and exclusive marking on the first-person plural and gender is not marked. There are four classes of pronouns, which is not uncommon in other Austronesian languages:[3]
Independent pronounsIndependent pronouns behave grammatically similarly to other NPs in that they can occur in the same slot as a subject NP, functioning as the head of a NP. However, in regular discourse, they are not used a great deal due the obligatory nature of cross-referencing subject pronouns. Use of independent pronouns is often seen as unnecessary and unusual except in the following situations:
Indicating person and number of conjoint NPIn the instance where two NPs are joined as a single subject, the independent pronoun reflects the number of the conjoint NP:
and
Thus, merging the two above clauses into one, the independent pronoun must change to reflect total number of subjects:
Introducing a new referentWhen a new referent is introduced into the discourse, the independent pronoun is used. In this case, kamam:
Reintroduction of referentIn this example, the IP hinda in the second sentence is used to refer back to tahasi in the first sentence.
Emphasis on participation of known subjectAccording to Jauncey,[8] this is the most common use of the IP. Comparing the two examples, the latter placing the emphasis on the subject:
and
Subject pronounsSubject pronouns are an obligatory component of a verbal phrase, indicating the person and number of the NP. They can either co-occur with the NP or independent in the subject slot, or exist without if the subject has been deleted through ellipsis or previously known context.
Object pronounsObject pronouns are very similar looking to independent pronouns, appearing to be abbreviations of the independent pronoun as seen in the pronoun paradigm above. Object pronouns behave similarly to the object NP, occurring in the same syntactic slot, however only one or the other is used, both cannot be used simultaneously as an object argument – which is unusual in Oceanic languages as many languages have obligatory object pronominal cross-referencing on the verb agreeing with NP object.
Possessive pronounsPossessive pronouns substitute for NP possessor, suffixing to the possessed noun in direct possessive constructions or to one the four possessive classifiers in indirect constructions. Direct possession
Indirect possession
External links
References1. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=mla |title=Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: mla |publisher=ISO 639-3 Registration Authority - SIL International |access-date=2017-07-07 |quote=Name: Malo}} 2. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Riehl|Jauncey|2005|p=256}} 3. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Jauncey|2011|p=87}} 4. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Jauncey|2011|p=88}} 5. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Jauncey|2011|p=89}} 6. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Jauncey|2011|p=89}} 7. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Jauncey|2011|p=90}} 8. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Jauncey|2011|p=90}} 9. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Jauncey|2011|p=91}} 10. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Jauncey|2011|p=435}} 11. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Jauncey|2011|p=430}} 12. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Jauncey|2011|p=434}} 13. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Jauncey|2011|p=102}} Bibliography
|last=Riehl |first=Anastasia K. |last2=Jauncey |first2=Dorothy |year=2005 |title=Illustrations of the IPA: Tamambo |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=255–259 |doi=10.1017/S0025100305002197 |ref=harv |postscript= }}{{Languages of Vanuatu}}{{Southern Oceanic languages}} 2 : Northeast Vanuatu-Banks Islands languages|Languages of Vanuatu |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。