“Tamang language”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Tamang language

释义

Dialects
Geographical distribution
Grammar
Writing system
See also
References
External links

{{Infobox language
|name=Tamang
|nativename=तामाङ, རྟ་དམག་ / རྟ་མང་
|states=Nepal
India
Bhutan
|region=
|ethnicity=Tamang
|speakers=1.35 million in Nepal
|date=2011 census
|speakers2=20,154 in India (2011 census)^[1]
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=Tamangic
|script=Tibetan script, Devanagari
|nation={{flag|Nepal}}
{{flag|India}} (Sikkim)
|lc1=taj|ld1=Eastern Tamang
|lc2=tdg|ld2=Western Tamang
|lc3=tmk|ld3=Northwestern Tamang (not distinct)
|lc4=tge|ld4=Eastern Gorkha Tamang
|glotto=nucl1729
|glottorefname=Nuclear Tamang
|
}}Tamang (Devanagari: तामाङ; tāmāng) is a term used to collectively refer to a dialect cluster spoken mainly in Nepal, Sikkim, West Bengal (Mainly Darjeeling Districts - पश्चिम बङ्गाल राज्यको दार्जीलिङ जिल्लाको बिभिन्न भूभाग), some parts of Assam and North East Region. It comprises Eastern Tamang, Northwestern Tamang, Southwestern Tamang, Eastern Gorkha Tamang, and Western Tamang. Lexical similarity between Eastern Tamang (which is regarded as the most prominent) and other Tamang languages varies between 81% to 63%. For comparison, lexical similarity between Spanish and Portuguese, is estimated at 89%.^[2] Tamang likely split from the Tibetan languages some time before the 7th century.^[3]

Dialects

Ethnologue divides Tamang into the following varieties due to mutual unintelligibility.

Eastern Tamang: 759,000 in Nepal (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 773,000. Sub-dialects are as follows.
- Outer-Eastern Tamang (Sailung Tamang)
- Central-Eastern Tamang (Temal Tamang)
- Southwestern Tamang (Kath-Bhotiya, Lama Bhote, Murmi, Rongba, Sain, Tamang Gyoi, Tamang Gyot, Tamang Lengmo, Tamang Tam)
Western Tamang: 323,000 (2000 WCD). Sub-dialects are as follows.
- Trisuli (Nuwakot)
- Rasuwa
- Northwestern dialect of Western Tamang (Dhading) — separate ISO code. Population 55,000 (1991 census). Spoken in the central mountainous strip of Nuwakot District, Bagmati Zone.
- Southwestern dialect of Western Tamang
Eastern Gorkha Tamang: 4,000 (2000 WCD). Sub-dialects are as follows.
- Kasigaon
- Kerounja

The Tamang language is the most widely spoken Sino-Tibetan language in Nepal.

Geographical distribution

Ethnologue gives the following location information for the varieties of Tamang.

Eastern Tamang

Kathmandu District
Janakpur Zone: Sindhuli District, Ramechhap District, and Dolkha District
Bagmati Zone: Kavrepalanchok District, western Sindhupalchowk District, Lalitpur District, Bhaktapur District, and eastern Nuwakot District
Narayani Zone: Makwanpur District and Chitwan District
Sagarmatha Zone: Okhaldhunga District, western Khotang District, and Udayapur District

Southwestern Tamang

Bagmati Zone: southern Dhading District
Narayani Zone: Chitwan District, northwestern Makwanpur District, Bara District, Parsa District, and Rautahat District
western and northwestern Kathmandu District area

Western Tamang

Bagmati Zone: western Nuwakot District, Rasuwa District, and Dhading District
central mountainous strip of Nuwakot District, Bagmati Zone (Northwestern Tamang)
northeastern Sindhupalchok District, Bagmati Zone: Bhote Namlan, and Bhote Chaur, on Trishuli river west bank toward Budhi Gandaki river
northwestern Makwanpur District, Narayani Zone: Phakel, Chakhel, Khulekhani, Markhu, Tistung, and Palung
northern Kathmandu District: Jhor, Thoka, and Gagal Phedi

Eastern Gorkha Tamang

south and east of Jagat, northern Gorkha District, Gandaki Zone

Grammar

Some grammatical features of the Tamang languages include:

A canonical word order of SOV
Use of postpositions;
The genitives follow nouns;
question word medial;
It is an ergative–absolutive language;
CV, CVC, CCV, V, CCVC;

Phonetically Tamang languages are tonal.

Writing system

Tamangic languages use Tam-Yig which is similar to Tibetan scripts and Devanāgarī. In many situations, however, Tamang is written in Devanāgarī proper.

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}
2. ^Ethnologue report for Spanish
3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Zeisler|first=Bettina|year=2009|editor-last=Aboh|editor-first=Enoch|editor2-last=Smith|editor2-first=Norval|title=Reducing phonological complexity and grammatical opaqueness: Old Tibetan as a lingua franca and the development of the modern Tibetan dialects.|url=|journal=Complex processes in new languages|publisher=|volume=|pages=75-95|via=}}

Perumal Samy P. (2013). Tamang in LSI Sikkim, volume I Page Nos. 404-472. Published by Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner,India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.

External links

[https://web.archive.org/web/20080828093538/http://www.tamangsamaj.com/Counting.php Counting in Tamang]
ELAR archive of Tamang

5 : Languages of Nepal|Tamangic languages|Languages of Sikkim|Languages of Bhutan|Subject–object–verb languages

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