1. History
    Monks and hermits  Grace Darling 

2. Today

3. Ecology and natural history

4. Geology

5. Shipwrecks and diving
    Dive sites and wrecks 

6. References

7. External links

The Farne Islands are a group of islands off the coast of Northumberland, England. There are between 15 and 20 islands depending on the state of the tide.^[1] They are scattered about {{convert|1+1/2|to(-)|4+3/4|mi}} from the mainland, divided into two groups, the Inner Group and the Outer Group. The main islands in the Inner Group are Inner Farne, Knoxes Reef and the East and West Wideopens (all joined together on very low tides) and (somewhat separated) the Megstone; the main islands in the Outer Group are Staple Island, the Brownsman, North and South Wamses, Big Harcar and the Longstone. The two groups are separated by Staple Sound. The highest point, on Inner Farne, is {{convert|62|ft}} above mean sea level.

History

Monks and hermits

The earliest recorded inhabitants of the Farne Islands were various Culdees, some connected with Lindisfarne. This followed the old Celtic Christian tradition of island hermitages, also found in Wales, Ireland and Scotland.

The islands are first recorded in 651, when they became home to Saint Aidan, followed by Saint Cuthbert.^[2] Cuthbert isolated himself on the islands until he was called to the bishopric of Lindisfarne, but after two years he returned to the solitude of the Inner Farne and died there in 687, when Saint Aethelwold took up residence instead. Among other acts, Cuthbert introduced special laws in 676 protecting the eider ducks, and other seabirds nesting on the islands; these are thought to be the earliest bird protection laws anywhere in the world.^[2][3]

The islands were used by hermits intermittently from the seventh century. These included Saint Bartholomew of Farne.^[5] The last hermit was Thomas De Melsonby, who died on the islands in 1246.^[4]

A formal monastic cell of Benedictine monks was established on the islands circa 1255. The cell was dependent on Durham Abbey, now Durham Cathedral. A very small cell, it was usually home to only two monks, although on occasion this rose to as many as six. The cell was dissolved in 1536 as part of King Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries.^[5]

Following the dissolution of the monastic cell on the islands, the islands became the property of the Dean and Chapter of Durham Cathedral, who leased them to various tenants. The islands remained a detached part of County Durham until 1844, when the Counties (Detached Parts) Act transferred them to Northumberland. In 1861 the islands were sold to Charles Thorp, who was at the time Archdeacon of Durham.^[5] In 1894 the islands were bought by the industrialist William Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong.^[4] The islands are currently owned by the National Trust.^[5]

Remains still exist of the seventh-century anchorite cell used by Saint Aiden and Saint Cuthbert,^[4] as do the remains of a fourteenth-century chapel associated with the cell. Known as St Cuthbert's Chapel, the chapel is described as a "single-cell building of four bays". The remains of a second chapel have been incorporated into a later building.^[5]

Grace Darling

The Farne Islands are associated with the story of Grace Darling and the wreck of the Forfarshire. Grace Darling was the daughter of Longstone lighthouse-keeper (one of the islands' lighthouses), William Darling, and on 7 September 1838, at the age of 22 years, she and her father rescued nine people from the wreck of the 'Forfarshire' in a strong gale and thick fog, the vessel having run aground on Harcar Rock. The story of the rescue attracted extraordinary attention throughout Britain and made Grace Darling a heroine who has gone down in British folklore.^[6]

Today

The islands have no permanent population, the only residents being National Trust Assistant Rangers during part of the year: they live in the old pele tower on the Inner Farne (the largest and closest inshore of the islands), and the lighthouse cottage on the Brownsman in the outer group. The pele tower was built around 1500, by or for Thomas Castell, Prior of Durham.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

===Lighthouses===

The first lighthouse was built on the islands in 1773;^[5] prior to that a beacon may have been installed on Prior Castell's Tower, permission having first been given for a light on Inner Farne in 1669.

There are currently two lighthouses operated by Trinity House on the Farne Islands:

• Farne Lighthouse

Built in 1811 and originally named Inner Farne Lighthouse

• Longstone Lighthouse

Built in 1826 and originally named Outer Farne Lighthouse.

Former lighthouses on the islands include:

• Farne Island Lighthouse (built in 1673 but never lit; replacement built by Captain John Blackett in 1778,^[8] itself replaced by Trinity House with the current Farne Lighthouse in 1811)
  • A minor light was also established by Trinity House on the north west of Farne between 1811 and 1910.^[9]
• Staple Island Lighthouse (built by Captain Blackett in 1778 and blown down in the Great Storm of 1784; a replacement, built either in the same place or on Brownsman Island, was knocked down by heavy seas in 1800)
• Brownsman Lighthouse (built in 1800, replaced by Trinity House with a new tower in 1811 and closed in 1826 when Longstone Lighthouse was established)

All the operational lighthouses on the Farnes are now automatic and have no resident keepers, although in former years they did. The lighthouse is now maintained by Trinity House via its local lighthouse attendant, George Shiel, who provides guided tours inside the lighthouse.^[10] Ruins of some of the older lighthouses may be seen: for example on the Brownsman, where there are two. Before the lighthouses there were beacons on several of the islands. The prominent white streak on the cliff facing the mainland (see photo) is often thought by visitors to be bird droppings: although many parts of the islands do exhibit this colouring, in this case it is the result of chalk deposits from the many years of spent calcium carbide from the lighthouse being thrown down the cliff; this calcium carbide was used to generate acetylene which was used as fuel for the light before electricity came.

Ecology and natural history

In the warmer months the Farnes, an important wildlife habitat, are much-visited by boat trips from Seahouses. Local boats are licensed to land passengers on Inner Farne, Staple Island and the Longstone; landing on other islands is prohibited to protect the wildlife. At the right time of year, many puffins can be seen and these are very popular with visitors; on the Inner Farne, the Arctic terns nest close to the path and will attack visitors who come too close (visitors are strongly advised to wear hats). Some of the islands also support a population of rabbits, which were introduced as a source of meat and have since gone wild. The rabbit and puffin populations use the same burrows at different times, the puffins being strong enough (with a vicious bite) to evict the rabbits from the burrows during the nesting season. The islands also hold a notable colony of about 6,000 grey seals, with several hundred pups born every year in September–November.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}

Breeding birds on the Farnes (as of 2012) include:

• Shelduck – 2 pairs
• Mallard – 17 pairs
• Common eider – 443 pairs
• Fulmar – 276 pairs
• Cormorant – 135 pairs
• Shag – 965 pairs
• Oystercatcher – 39 pairs
• Herring gull – 72 pairs in 2011 (not counted in 2012)
• Lesser black-backed gull – 52 pairs in 2011 (not counted in 2012)
• Ringed plover – 4 pairs
• Black-headed gull – 461 pairs
• Black-legged kittiwake – 4,241 pairs
• Sandwich tern – 966 pairs
• Roseate tern (endangered species) – no pairs, several individuals
• Common tern – 88 pairs
• Arctic tern – 1,180 pairs in 2011 (not counted in 2012)
• Guillemot – 49,076 birds
• Razorbill – 365 pairs
• Puffin – 36,285 pairs
• Barn swallow – 4 pairs
• Pied wagtail – 5 pairs
• Rock pipit – 20 pairs

A total of 290 bird species have been recorded on the Farnes, including in the 1760s, an example of the now extinct great auk.^[11]

On 28–29 May 1979, an Aleutian tern, a rare tern from the Aleutian Islands in the North Pacific Ocean, visited the Farnes. It was the first, and still the only, member of its species ever seen anywhere in Europe. It remains a complete mystery how it arrived.^[12]

A longer-staying unusual visitor was "Elsie" the lesser crested tern, who visited the Farnes every summer from 1984 to 1997; during that period (paired with a male Sandwich tern) she raised several hybrid chicks and attracted several thousand birders keen to see this species in Britain. Lesser crested terns normally nest on islands off the coast of Libya and migrate to West Africa for the winter; it is thought that "Elsie" took a wrong "tern" at the Straits of Gibraltar on spring migration.^[13]

An Arctic tern from the Farnes, ringed as a chick not yet old enough to fly in summer 1982, reached Melbourne, Australia in October 1982, a sea journey of over {{convert|22,000|km|mi|order=flip}} in just three months from fledging. This remains one of the longest distances travelled by any bird.

One classic view of the Farnes, very popular with photographers, is that from the harbour at Seahouses. However, they are closer to the mainland further up the road northwards towards Bamburgh and excellent views may be seen from here, in the vicinity of the Monks House Rocks, as well as from Bamburgh Castle and beach.

Geology

The Farnes are resistant igneous Dolerite outcrops. These would originally have been connected to the mainland and surrounded by areas of less resistant limestone. Through a combination of erosion of the weaker surrounding rock, and sea level rise following the last ice age, the Farnes were left as islands. Because of the way the rock is fissured, Dolerite forms strong columns. This gives the islands their steep, in places vertical cliffs, and the sea around the islands is scattered with stacks up to 66 feet (20 metres) high. Many of the small islands are bare rock, but the larger islands have a layer of clay subsoil and peat soil supporting vegetation. The rock strata slopes slightly upwards to the south, giving the highest cliffs on the south and some beaches to the north.^[14]

Shipwrecks and diving

As well as being popular with bird watchers, the Farne Islands are a popular scuba diving location, with a variety of sites suitable for all levels of diver. The islands appeal to divers for the seals and wrecks. The grey seal colony at the Farnes numbers about 5,000. They are curious and will often look in on divers in the water and are impressive to watch underwater.

Hundreds of ships have been wrecked on the Farnes over the years, providing plenty for wreck divers to look at. Among them are:^[15]

Dive sites and wrecks

• Chris Christenson, a Danish steamer that sank on 16 February 1915. She lies close into the reef off the south tip of Longstone, Outer Farnes in about {{convert|98|-|115|ft}} at ({{coord|55|38.397|N|1|36.182|W}}).^[16][17]
• {{SS|Abessinia|1900|2}}, a {{convert|453|ft|adj=on}} German steamship that drove onto Knifestone, Outer Farnes, on 3 September 1921. She lies in about {{convert|30|-|66|ft}} at ({{coord|55|38.9|N|1|36.12|W}}).
• Brittania, a {{convert|740|LT|adj=on}}, {{convert|210|ft|adj=on}} British cargo/passenger steamship that struck the Callers, Outer Farnes, in thick fog on 25 September 1915.^[18] The wreckage lies between about {{convert|26|-|98|ft}} at ({{coord|55|37.688|N|1|35.991|W}}).^[19][20]
• St Andre was a {{convert|1120|LT|adj=on}} French steamship carrying pig iron. On 28 October 1908 she hit the Crumstone and floated off to sink finally at Staple island.^[21] She lies in about {{convert|56|-|82|ft}} at ({{coord|55|37.84|N|1|37.18|W}}).

It is generally possible to dive at the Farnes regardless of wind direction. There is always shelter somewhere. Some dive locations even provide the opportunity to combine diving and bird watching, in particular the Pinnacles, where guillemots can be found fishing at safety stop depth.^[22]

References

External links

• [https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/farne-islands Farne Islands information at the National Trust]
• Farne Islands access and information (commercial)
• John Whiterig, Benedictine Hermit on Farne
• Northumberland Coast — Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) — Northumberland Coast AONB Site
• Lighthouse access & boat trips
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080917033149/http://www.dcordes.freeuk.com/farnes.htm Diving around the Farne Islands]

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