“Tamil phonology”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Tamil phonology

释义

Vowels
Consonants
Overview
Elision
See also
References
Bibliography
External links

{{main|Tamil language}}{{Refimprove|date=January 2008}}{{contains Indic text}}{{IPA notice}}{{dablink|Compare the article Tolkappiyam chapter 1–3}}

Tamil phonology is characterised by the presence of retroflex consonants and multiple rhotic consonants. It does not distinguish phonologically between voiced and unvoiced consonants; phonetically, voice is assigned depending on a consonant's position in a word.^[1] Tamil phonology permits few consonant clusters, which can never be word initial. Native grammarians classify Tamil phonemes into vowels, consonants, and a "secondary character", the {{IAST|āytam}}.

{{listen|filename=Tamil tongue twister.ogg|title=A Tamil tongue twister|description=The sentence literally means, "A poor old man slipped on a banana peel and fell sprawling."|format=Ogg}}

Vowels

The vowels are called {{Lang|ta|உயிரெழுத்து}} {{IAST|uyireḻuttu}} ('life letter'). The vowels are classified into short and long (five of each type) and two diphthongs.

The long (nedil) vowels are about twice as long as the short (kuṟil) vowels. The diphthongs are usually pronounced about one and a half times as long as the short vowels, though most grammatical texts place them with the long vowels.

Monophthongs^[2]
	Front		Central		Back
	long	short	long	short	long	short
Close	iː}} {{lang\|ta\|ஈ}}	i}} {{lang\|ta\|இ}}	uː}} {{lang\|ta\|ஊ}}	u}} {{lang\|ta\|உ}}
Mid	eː}} {{lang\|ta\|ஏ}}	e}} {{lang\|ta\|எ}}	oː}} {{lang\|ta\|ஓ}}	o}} {{lang\|ta\|ஒ}}
Open	aː}} {{lang\|ta\|ஆ}}	a}} {{lang\|ta\|அ}}

Tamil has two diphthongs {{IPA|/aɪ/}} {{lang|ta|ஐ}} and {{IPA|/aʊ/}} {{lang|ta|ஔ}}, the latter of which is restricted to a few lexical items.

Consonants

The consonants are known as {{Lang|ta|மெய்யெழுத்து}} {{IAST|meyyeḻuttu}} ('body letters'). The consonants are classified into three categories with six in each category: vallinam ('hard'), mellinam ('soft' or nasal), and idayinam ('medium'). Tamil has very restricted consonant clusters (for example, there are no word-initial clusters) and does not have aspirated stops. Some scholars have suggested that in Chenthamil (the period of Tamil history before Sanskrit words were borrowed), stops were voiceless when at the start of a word and voiced allophonically otherwise.

A chart of the Tamil consonant phonemes in the International Phonetic Alphabet follows:

Tamil consonants^[3]
Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo-palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m}} {{lang\|ta\|ம்}}	n̪}} {{lang\|ta\|ந்}}	n}} {{lang\|ta\|ன்}}	ɳ}} {{lang\|ta\|ண்}}	ɲ}} {{lang\|ta\|ஞ்}}	ŋ}}) {{lang\|ta\|ங்}}
Stop	p}} {{lang\|ta\|ப்}}	t̪}} {{lang\|ta\|த்}}	ʈ}} {{lang\|ta\|ட்}}	k}} {{lang\|ta\|க்}}
Affricate	t͡ɕ}} {{lang\|ta\|ச்}}
Fricative	f}}²	s}}¹ {{lang\|ta\|ஸ்}} ({{IPAlink\|z}})²	ʂ}}² {{lang\|ta\|ஷ்}}	ɕ}}¹ {{lang\|ta\|ஶ்}}	x}}³	ɦ}}³ {{lang\|ta\|ஹ்}}
Tap	ɽ}} {{lang\|ta\|ற்}}
Trill	r}} {{lang\|ta\|ர்}}
Approximant	ʋ}} {{lang\|ta\|வ்}}	ɻ}} {{lang\|ta\|ழ்}}	j}} {{lang\|ta\|ய்}}
Lateral approximant	l}} {{lang\|ta\|ல்}}	ɭ}} {{lang\|ta\|ள்}}

{{IPA|[s]}} and {{IPA|[ɕ]}} are allophones of {{IPA|/t͡ɕ/}} in some dialects.
{{IPA|/f/}} and {{IPA|/ʂ/}} are found only in loanwords and frequently replaced by native sounds.
{{IPA|[ɦ]}} and {{IPA|[x]}} are allophones of {{IPA|/k/}} in some dialects.

The voiceless consonants have multiple allophones, depending on position.

Tamil stop allophones
Place	Initial	Geminate	Intervocalic	Post-nasal
Velar	k}}	kː}}	x~∅}}	ɡ}}
Palatal	tɕ~s}}	tːɕ}}	s}}	dʑ}}
Retroflex	—	ʈː}}	ɽ}}	ɖ}}
Alveolar	—	{{IPA\|t̪ː}}	r}}	r}}
Dental	t̪}}	{{IPA\|t̪ː}}	ð}}	d̪}}
Labial	p}}	pː}}	β~w}}	b}}

Overview

Unlike Indo-Aryan languages spoken around it, Tamil does not have aspirated consonants. The Tamil script does not have distinct letters for voiced and unvoiced stop, although both are present in the spoken language as allophones—i.e., they are in complementary distribution and the places they can occur do not intersect. For example, the voiceless stop {{IPA|[p]}} occurs at the beginning of the words and the voiced stop {{IPA|[b]}} cannot. In the middle of words, voiceless stops commonly occur as a geminated pair like -pp-, while voiced stops usually do not. Only the voiced stops occur after a vowel, or after a corresponding nasal. Thus both the voiced and voiceless stops can be represented by the same script in Tamil without ambiguity, the script denoting only the place and broad manner of articulation (stop, nasal, etc.). The Tolkāppiyam cites detailed rules as to when a letter is to be pronounced with voice and when it is to be pronounced unvoiced. The rule is identical for all stops.

With the exception of one rule - the pronunciation of the letter c at the beginning of a word - these rules are largely followed even today in pronouncing centamil. The position is, however, much more complex in relation to spoken koduntamil. The pronunciation of southern dialects and the dialects of Sri Lanka continues to reflect these rules to a large extent, though not completely. In northern dialects, however, sound shifts have changed many words so substantially that these rules no longer describe how words are pronounced. In addition many, but not all, Sanskrit loan words are pronounced in Tamil as they were in Sanskrit, even if this means that consonants which should be unvoiced according to the Tolkāppiyam are voiced.

The failure of written Tamil to provide different characters for voiced and unvoiced stops, unlike Indo-European languages and other Dravidian languages, attests that voice did not originally contrast in stops. Voiced stops may have been the result of rules of allophony, elision, or sandhi.

Elision

Elision is the reduction in the duration of sound of a phoneme when preceded by or followed by certain other sounds. There are well-defined rules for elision in Tamil. They are categorised into different classes based on the phoneme which undergoes elision.

1.	Kutr iyal ukaram (short nature U)	the vowel u
2.	Kutr iyal ikaram (short nature I)	the vowel i
3.	Aiykaara k kurukkam ( AI shortening)	the diphthong ai
4.	Oukaara k kurukkam ( AU shortening)	the diphthong au
5.	Aaytha k kurukkam ( h shortening)	the special character akh (aaytham)
6.	Makara k kurukkam ( M shortening)	the phoneme m

References

1. ^{{citation| last1=Schiffman | first1=Harold F. | last2=Arokianathan | first2=S. | chapter=Diglossic variation in Tamil film and fiction | editor1-last=Krishnamurti | editor1-first=Bhadriraju | editor1-link=Bhadriraju Krishnamurti | editor2-last=Masica | editor2-first=Colin P. | editor2-link=Colin Masica | title=South Asian languages: structure, convergence, and diglossia | year=1986 | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | place=New Delhi | isbn=81-208-0033-8 | pages=371–382 | ref=harv}} at p. 371
2. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Keane|2004|pp=114–115}}
3. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Keane|2004|p=111}}

Bibliography

{{citation

|last=Keane
|first=Elinor
|year=2004
|title=Tamil
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=34
|issue=1
|pages=111–116
|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001549
}}{{refend}}

External links

Tamil to IPA converter

2 : Tamil language|Language phonologies

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