| 词条 | Fasciation | ||||||||
| 释义 |
Fasciation (pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˌ|f|æ|ʃ|i|ˈ|eɪ|ʃ|ə|n}}, from the Latin root meaning "band" or "stripe"), also known as cresting, is a relatively rare condition of abnormal growth in vascular plants in which the apical meristem (growing tip), which normally is concentrated around a single point and produces approximately cylindrical tissue, instead becomes elongated perpendicularly to the direction of growth, thus producing flattened, ribbon-like, crested (or "cristate"), or elaborately contorted, tissue.[1] Fasciation may also cause plant parts to increase in weight and volume in some instances.[2] The phenomenon may occur in the stem, root, fruit, or flower head. Some plants are grown and prized aesthetically for their development of fasciation.[3] Any occurrence of fasciation has several possible causes, including hormonal, genetic, bacterial, fungal, viral and environmental causes. CausationFasciation can be caused by hormonal imbalances in the meristematic cells of plants, which are cells where growth can occur.[4][5] Fasciation can also be caused by random genetic mutation.[6] Bacterial and viral infections can also cause fasciation.[4] The bacterial phytopathogen Rhodococcus fascians has been demonstrated as one cause of fasciation, such as in sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus) plants,[7] but many fasciated plants have tested negative for the bacteria in studies,[8] hence bacterial infection is not an exclusive causation. Additional environmental factors that can cause fasciation include fungi, mite or insect attack and exposure to chemicals.[8] General damage to a plant's growing tip[8] and exposure to cold and frost can also cause fasciation.[4][6] Some plants, such as peas and cockscomb Celosia, may inherit the trait.[8] Fasciation is not contagious,[4] but bacteria that cause fasciation can be spread from infected plants to others from contact with wounds on infected plants and from water that carries the bacteria to other plants.[9] OccurrenceAlthough fasciation is rare overall, it has been observed in over 100 plant species,[8] including members of the genera Acer, Aloe, Acanthosicyos, Cannabis, Celosia, Cycas, Delphinium, Digitalis, Euphorbia, Forsythia, Glycine max (specifically, soybean plants),[10] Primula, Prunus, Salix and many genera of the Cactaceae (cactus) family.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} Cresting results in undulating folds instead of the typical "arms" found on mature Saguaro cactus.[11] Some varieties of Celosia are raised especially for their dependably fasciated flower heads, for which they are called "cockscomb".[4] The Japanese Fantail Willow (Salix sachalinensis 'Sekka') is another plant that is valued for its fasciations.[4][8] PreventionFasciation that is caused by damage to genetic material and by bacteria can be controlled by not using fasciated plants and disposing of fasciated plants.[9] Avoiding injury to plant bases and keeping them dry can reduce the spread of bacteria.[9] Avoidance of grafting fasciated plants and the pruning of fasciated matter can also reduce the spread of bacteria.[9] ExamplesSee also
References1. ^{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/BF02861723| title=Fasciation| journal=The Botanical Review| volume=14| issue=6| pages=319–358| year=1948| last1=White| first1=Orland E.}} 2. ^{{cite journal |jstor = 2474652|title = Genetics and Comparative Growth Morphology of Fasciation in Soybeans (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)|journal = Botanical Gazette|volume = 144|issue = 2|pages = 263–275|last1 = Albertsen|first1 = Marc C.|last2 = Curry|first2 = Therese M.|last3 = Palmer|first3 = Reid G.|last4 = Lamotte|first4 = Clifford E.|year = 1983|doi = 10.1086/337372}} 3. ^{{cite web|last=Morris |first=Scott |title=Fasciation in Flowers – What You Need To Know |url=http://news.gardentoolbox.co.uk/plants-2/fasciation-flowers-need-know |publisher=Gardentoolbox |accessdate=10 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110112107/http://news.gardentoolbox.co.uk/plants-2/fasciation-flowers-need-know |archivedate=10 January 2014 |df= }} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web | url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ext/fascinatingfasciation.html | title=Fascinating Fasciation | publisher=Purdue University Extension | date=September 2007 | accessdate=July 3, 2012 | author=Lerner, B. Rosie}} 5. ^Galun, Esra (2007). Plant Patterning: Structural and Molecular Genetic Aspects. World Scientific Publishing Company. p. 333. {{ISBN|9789812704085}} 6. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://agdev.anr.udel.edu/weeklycropupdate/?p=3084 | title=Fasciation in Vegetables and Fruits | publisher=University of Delaware Cooperative Extension | date=May 27, 2011 | accessdate=July 6, 2012}} 7. ^{{cite journal | url=https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19371100241 | title=Fasciation of Sweet Peas caused by Phytomonas fascians n.sp. | journal=Journal of Agricultural Research | volume=53 |issue=5 | year=1936 | accessdate=July 7, 2012 | author=Tilford, P.E. | pages=383–394}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |url=http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/TRA/PLANTS/fascia.shtml |title=Fasciation: Fascinating distortions of the plant world |publisher=Colorado State University Extension |date=April 12, 1999 |accessdate=July 3, 2012 |author=Swift, Curtis E. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630160215/http://www.coopext.colostate.edu/TRA/PLANTS/fascia.shtml |archivedate=June 30, 2012 |df= }} 9. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | url=http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/GARDEN/FLOWERS/DISEASE/fasciation.html | title=Pests in Gardens and Landscapes | publisher=Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program, Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California | date=October 13, 2008 | accessdate=July 3, 2012}} 10. ^{{cite journal | title=Molecular characterization of two soybean homologs of Arabidopsis thaliana CLAVATA1 from the wild type and fasciation mutant | journal=Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression | date=April 25, 2000 | author=Yamamoto, Etsuo | pages=333–340|display-authors=etal | doi=10.1016/S0167-4781(00)00061-0 | volume=1491| issue=1–3 }} 11. ^{{cite web |title=Campus Arboretum |publisher=University of Arizona |date=2008-08-20 |url=http://arboretum.arizona.edu/heritage_trees.html |accessdate=2010-01-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106012058/http://arboretum.arizona.edu/heritage_trees.html |archivedate=2010-01-06 |df= }} Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Crested plants}}{{Commons category|Crested plants}}{{Wiktionary}}
2 : Botany|Plant morphology |
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