| 释义 |
- Names
- Origins
- Characteristics
- Themes
- Story
- Explanatory notes
- References
Tartaro, Tartalo, or Torto in Basque mythology, is an enormously strong one-eyed giant very similar to the Greek Cyclops that Ulysses faced in Homer's Odyssey. He is said to live in caves in the mountains and catches young people in order to eat them; in some accounts he eats sheep also. Alarabi is another name for the creature. Anxo (or Ancho) may also be equivalent, but some sources say this is another name for the Basajaun. NamesTartaro (or Tartaroa[) is the form given in some translated tales and commentary in French and English{{Efn|Julien Vinson and Wentworth Webster, who were collaborators.}}{{sfnp|Webster|1877|pp=1–16}}{{sfnp|Vinson|1883|pp=46, 46–53}}] Torto, Anxo and Alarabi{{Efn|Alarabi is a form seen in Biscay{{cn|date=October 2017}}.}} were the forms listed in Jose Migel Barandiaran's Basque Mythology,{{sfnp|Barandiaran|2009|p=92}} with "Tartalo" described as a local variant particular to the Zegama region.{{sfnp|Barandiaran|2009|p=92}} Tartalo being a proper name was an idea floated by Barandiaran;{{sfnp|Barandiaran|1973|p=27}} but here is an example of a tale in which three Tartaros appear.{{sfnp|Webster|1877|p=3}} Anxo or Ancho is however explained as an alternate name for Basajaun by some sources.[2]{{sfnp|Webster|1877|p=47}} Webster ventured that "Ancho" derived from "Sancho".{{sfnp|Webster|1877|p=47}} OriginsTartaro has been described as the Basque equivalent to the cyclops Polyphemus,[3]{{sfnp|Barandiaran|1973|p=27}} and similarity to this cyclops in Homer's Odyssey is compelling,{{sfnp|Barandiaran|2009|p=92}} however direct derivation from Homeric sources may not be necessarily involved,{{sfnp|Barandiaran|1973|p=27}} since parallels to these can be found worldwide.{{sfnp|Webster|1877|pp=1–2}}[1][2] {{illm|Jean-François Cerquand{{!}}Cerquand|fr|Jean-François Cerquand}} suggested that name "Tartaro"{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Or "Tartaroa"[}} derived from the Tartar people, just as the word "ogre" derived from "Hungarians",{{sfnp|Webster|1877|p=1}}[3] but Wentworth Webster agreed, though he expressed some doubt.{{sfnp|Webster|1877|p=1}}]CharacteristicsTartaro according to folktale tradition is a huge, one-eyed being,{{sfnp|Webster|1877|p=1}} are usually cave-dwelling, capturing young folk or those who sought shelter in his cave, and devouring them.{{sfnp|Barandiaran|2009|p=92}} In one oral account, the Tartaro ate one whole sheep each day.[3] ThemesA mystical ring is a common theme in the Tartalo/Tartaro tales.{{sfnp|Barandiaran|1973|p=27}} In one version, the Tartaro (a prince turned monster who needed a bride to turn back) makes a gift of a ring to a girl, and it turns out to be a "talking ring"; she cuts off her finger to rid herself of it, and the monster.{{sfnp|Webster|1877|p=4}} Webster noted this ring motif had its parallel in the Celtic (Scottish Gaelic) Conall Cra Bhuidhe ("Conall Yellowclaw"), published by John Francis Campbell,[4] but none to be found in classical sources.{{sfnp|Webster|1877|p=3}} The motif of the hero blinding Tartaro has both a classical and Celtic (Irish) parallel: Oddyseus blinding the cyclops Polyphemus in Homer's Odyssey and Lug hurling a spear or projectile into the eye of Balor.[1] StoryOne day, while two brothers of the Antimuño baserri were hunting, a storm broke, so they decided to take refuge from the rain in a cave, which was Tartalo's cave. Soon after, Tartalo appeared with his flock of sheep. He saw the two brothers and said: "one for today and the other for tomorrow". That same day he cooked and ate the eldest one, and then, he went to sleep. While he was sleeping, the youngest brother stole Tartalo's ring and then he stuck the roasting spit in his only eye. Tartalo was blind, but not dead yet. He started to look for the boy among his sheep, but he put on a sheep's skin and escaped from Tartalo. But, unluckily, when he got out of the flock of sheep, the accuser ring started to shout: "Here I am, here I am!". Tartalo got out of his cave and he started to run after the ring, hearing its shouts. The young one wasn't able to take off the ring, so, when he arrived to the edge of a cliff, he cut off his finger, and since Tartalo was near, he decided to throw it down the cliff. Tartalo, following the ring's shouting, fell off the cliff. Explanatory notes{{notelist}}References- Citations
1. ^1 {{citation|last=Crooke |first=W. |title=Some notes on Homeric Folk-lore |journal=Publications of the Folklore Society |volume=62 |year= |pages=168–169, 172–173 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fl8lOckzYd4C&pg=PA168}}
2. ^{{cite book |last1=Patxi Xabier Lezama Perier |title=Basque Mythology: History of the myths and deities of the Basque Mythology |location=Euskadi Public Reading Network |edition=2018 |url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details/Basque_Mythology_History_of_the_myths_and_deities_?id=vlpZDwAAQBAJ&hl=en_US}}
3. ^"Mr. D'Abbadie's version", narrated by the Abbé Heguiagaray of the parish of Esquiule in La Soule)", {{harvp|Webster|1877|pp=4–6}}
4. ^{{harvp|Webster|1877}}, p. 4, footnote.
5. ^1 2 Cerquand (1878), Légendes & récits populaires du Pays Basque, IIIe fascicle, 104pp., cited by {{cite book|last=Vinson |first=Julien |title=(Review) Cerquand, Légendes & récits.., IIIe fascicle, 1878 |journal=Revue de linguistique et de philologie comparée |volume=11 |year= |p=463–464 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FiUFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA463}}
6. ^1 {{citation|last=Retana |first=José María Martín de |title=La Gran enciclopedia vasca |volume=7 |publisher=Editorial La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca |year=1972 |page=351 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uldpAAAAMAAJ&q=Anxo}}
(= volume I (1875), p. 25, note 1)[5][6]
}}- Bibliography
- {{citation|last=Vinson |first=Julien |author-link=Julien Vinson |title=XI. Le Tartaro, XII. Le Fou et le Tartaro|work=Le Folk-lore du Pays Basque |place=Paris |publisher=Maisonneuve et Larose |year=1883 |pages=46, 46–53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4HYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA46}} bnf {{fr icon}}
- {{citation|last=Barandiaran |first=Jose Migel |author-link=Jose Migel Barandiaran |title=Eusko-Mitologia |place=Bilbao |publisher=Editorial La Gran Encïclopedia Vasca |year=1973 |origyear=1922| series=Obras completas II|pages=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_LZAAAAMAAJ}} {{es icon}}
- {{cite book|last=Barandiaran |first=Jose Migel |author-link=Jose Migel Barandiaran |title=Mitología vasca |place=Madrid |publisher=Minotauro |year=1960 |pages=92 |url=}} {{es icon}}
- {{citation|last=Barandiaran |first=Jose Migel |author-link=Jose Migel Barandiaran |editor-last=Altuna |editor-first=Jesús |title=Basque Mythology |work=Selected writings of José Miguel de Barandiarán: Basque prehistory and ethnography |place=Madrid |publisher=Center for Basque Studies, University of Nevada, Reno |year=2009|pages=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TickAQAAIAAJ&q=Torto |isbn=9781877802706}} (English trans.)
- {{citation|ref=harv|last=Webster |first=Wentworth |author-link=Wentworth Webster |title=I. Legends of the Tartaro |work=Basque Legends |publisher=Griffith and Farran |year=1877 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJyg1bbMkMIC&pg=PA1 |pages=1–16}}
- Barbier, Jean: Légendes du Pays basque d'après la tradition, illustrations de Pablo Tillac, 1931, Delagrave, Paris. Republished by Elkar (1983), San Sebastián, Bayonne.
- {{citation|last=Lezama Perier |first=Patxi Xabier |author-link=Patxi Xabier Lezama Perier |title=Basque-Mythology |publisher=Euskadi Public Reading Network |year=2018|pages=|url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details/Basque_Mythology_History_of_the_myths_and_deities_?id=vlpZDwAAQBAJ&hl=en_US}}
{{Europe-myth-stub}} 3 : Giants|Cyclopes|Basque legendary creatures |