词条 | Fatehpur Sikri | |||||||
释义 |
| name = Fatehpur Sikri | settlement_type = Town | image_skyline = File:Fatehput Sikiri Buland Darwaza gate 2010.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Buland Darwaza, the {{Convert|54|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} entrance to Fatehpur Sikri complex | nickname = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India#Asia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|27.091|N|77.661|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = India | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Uttar Pradesh | subdivision_type2 = District | subdivision_name2 = Agra | established_title = | established_date = | founder = Akbar the Great | discovered by = | named_for = | government_type = | governing_body = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_rank = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 32905 | population_as_of = | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = Auto | population_demonym = | demographics_type1 = Language | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = Hindi[1] | demographics1_title2 = Additional official | demographics1_info2 = Urdu[1] | timezone1 = IST | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | registration_plate = UP-80 | website = | footnotes = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site |child = yes |ID = 255 |Year = 1986 |Criteria = Cultural: ii, iii, iv }}Fatehpur Sikri is a town in the Agra District of Uttar Pradesh, India. The city itself was founded as the capital of Mughal Empire in 1571 by Emperor Akbar, serving this role from 1571 to 1585, when Akbar abandoned it due to a campaign in Punjab and was later completely abandoned in 1610.[2] The name of the city is derived from the village called Sikri which occupied the spot before. An Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) excavation from 1999-2000 indicated that there was a habitation, temples and commercial centres here before Akbar built his capital. The khanqah of Sheikh Salim existed earlier at this place. Akbar's son Jahangir was born at the village of Sikri in 1569 and that year Akbar began construction of a religious compound to commemorate the Sheikh who had predicted the birth. After Jahangir's second birthday, he began the construction of a walled city and imperial palace here. The city came to be known as Fatehpur Sikri, the "City of Victory", after Akbar's victorious Gujarat campaign in 1573. After occupying Agra in 1803, the English established an administrative center here and it remained so until 1850. In 1815, the Marquess of Hastings ordered repairment of monuments at Sikri. HistoryBasing his arguments on the excavations by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) in 1999-2000 at the Chabeli Tila, senior Agra journalist Bhanu Pratap Singh said the antique pieces, statues, and structures all point to a lost "culture and religious site," more than 1,000 years ago. "The excavations yielded a rich crop of Jain statues, hundreds of them, including the foundation stone of a temple with the date. The statues were a thousand years old of Bhagwan Adi Nath, Bhagwan Rishabh Nath, Bhagwan Mahavir and Jain Yakshinis," said Swarup Chandra Jain, senior leader of the Jain community. Historian Sugam Anand states that there is proof of habitation, temples and commercial centres before Akbar established it as his capital. He states that the open space on a ridge was used by Akbar to build his capital.[3][4][5] But preceding Akbar's appropriation of the site for his capital city, his predecessors Babur and Humayun did much to redesign Fatehpur Sikri's urban layout.[6] Attilio Petruccioli, a scholar of Islamic architecture and Professor of Landscape Architecture at the Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy, notes that "Babur and his successors" wanted "to get away from the noise and confusion of Agra [and] build an uninterrupted sequence of gardens on the free left bank of the Yamuna, linked both by boat and by land."[6] Petruccioli adds that when such escapist landscapes are envisioned, the monument becomes the organizing element of the city at large, partly due to its orientation at a significant location and partly due to its sheer size. Humayun's Tomb was one such organizing element, which at a height of 150 feet towered over the city and is now one of the most recognizable Mughal monuments in the country.[6] The place was much loved by Babur, who called it Shukri ("Thanks"), after its large lake that was used by Mughal armies.[7] Annette Beveridge in her translation of Baburnama noted that Babur points "Sikri" to read "Shukri".[8] Per his memoirs, Babur constructed a garden here called the "Garden of Victory" after defeating Rana Sangha at its outskirts. Gulbadan Begum's Humayun-Nama describes that in the garden he built an octagonal pavilion which he used for relaxation and writing. In the center of the nearby lake, he built a large platform. A baoli exists at the base of a rock scarp about a kilometer from the Hiran Minar. This was probably the original site of a well-known epigraph commemorating his victory.[7] Abul Fazl records Akbar's reasons for the foundation of the city in Akbarnama: "Inasmuch as his exalted sons [Salim and Murad] had been born at Sikri, and the God-knowing spirit of Shaikh Salim had taken possession thereof, his holy heart desired to give outward splendour to this spot which possessed spiritual grandeur. Now that his standards had arrived at this place, his former design was pressed forward, and an order was issued that the superintendents of affairs should erect lofty buildings for the special use of the Shahinshah."[9]Akbar remained heirless until 1569 when his son, who became known as Jahangir, was born in the village of Sikri in 1569. Akbar began the construction of a religious compound in honor of the Chisti saint Sheikh Salim, who had predicted the birth of Jahangir. After Jahangir's second birthday, he began the construction of a walled city and imperial palace probably to test his son's stamina. By constructing his capital at the khanqah of Sheikh Salim, Akbar associated himself with this popular Sufi order and brought legitimacy to his reign through this affiliation.[10] The city was founded in 1571 and was named after the village of Sikri which occupied the spot before. The Buland Darwaza was built in honor of his successful campaign in Gujarat, when the city came to be known as Fatehpur Sikri - "The City of Victory". It was named after the Sikri village which had existed on the spot before. It was abandoned by Akbar in 1585 when he went to fight a campaign in Punjab. It was later completely abandoned by 1610. The reason for its abandonment is usually given as the failure of the water supply, though Akbar's loss of interest may also have been the reason since it was built solely on his whim.[11] Ralph Fitch described it as such, "Agra and Fatehpore Sikri are two very great cities, either of them much greater than London, and very populous. Between Agra and Fatehpore are 12 miles (Kos) and all the way is a market of victuals and other things, as full as though a man were still in a town, and so many people as if a man were in a market."[12] Akbar visited the city only once in 1601 after abandoning it. William Finch, visiting it 4–5 years after his death, stated, "It is all ruinate," writing, "lying like a waste desert."[13] During the epidemic of bubonic plague from 1616-1624, Jahangir stayed for three months here in 1619.[14] Muhammad Shah stayed here for some time and the repair works were started again. However, with the decline of Mughal empire, the conditions of the buildings worsened.[19] While chasing Daulat Rao Sindhia's battalions in October 1803, Gerard Lake left the most cumbersome baggage and siege guns in the town.[15] After occupying Agra in 1803, the English established an administrative center here and it remained so until 1850.[16] In 1815, the Marquess of Hastings ordered repairment of monuments at Sikri and Sikandra.[17] The town was a municipality from 1865 to 1904 and was later made a notified area. The population in 1901 was 7,147.[18] ArchitectureFatehpur Sikri sits on rocky ridge, {{convert|3|km}} in length and {{convert|1|km|abbr=on}} wide and palace city is surrounded by a {{convert|6|km|abbr=on}} wall on three sides with the fourth bordered by a lake. The city is generally organized around this 40 m high ridge, and falls roughly into the shape of a rhombus. The general layout of the ground structures, especially the "continuous and compact pattern of gardens and services and facilities" that characterized the city leads urban archaeologists to conclude that Fatehpur Sikri was built primarily to afford leisure and luxury to its famous residents.[6] The dynastic architecture of Fatehpur Sikri was modelled on Timurid forms and styles.[19] The city was built massively and preferably with red sandstone.[20] Gujarati influences are also seen in its architectural vocabulary and decor of the palaces of Fatehpur Sikri.[21] The city's architecture reflects both the Hindu and Muslim form of domestic architecture popular in India at the time.[22] The remarkable preservation of these original spaces allows modern archaeologists to reconstruct scenes of Mughal court life, and to better understand the hierarchy of the city's royal and noble residents.[6] It is accessed through gates along the {{convert|5|mi}} long fort wall, namely, Delhi Gate, the Lal Gate, the Agra Gate and Birbal's Gate, Chandanpal Gate, The Gwalior Gate, the Tehra Gate, the Chor Gate and the Ajmeri Gate.The palace contains summer palace and winter palace for queen jodha. Some of the important buildings in this city, both religious and secular are:
Other buildings included Taksal (mint), Daftar Khana (Records Office), Karkhana (royal workshop), Khazana (Treasury), Hammam (Turkic Baths), Darogha's Quarters, stables, Caravan sarai, Hakim's quarters, etc. DemographicsFatehpur Sikri has a population of 28,757. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Fatehpur Sikri has an average literacy rate of 46%, lower than the national average of 74%; male literacy is 57%, and female literacy is 34%. In Fatehpur Sikri, 59% of the population is under 6 years of age. AdministrationFatehpur Sikri is one of the fifteen Block headquarters in the Agra district. It has 52 Gram panchayats (Village Panchayat) under it. The Fatehpur Sikri, is a constituency of the Lok Sabha, Lower house of the Indian Parliament, and further comprises five Vidhan Sabha(legislative assembly) segments:
In all there are 12 villages of Sisodia Rajputs near Fatehpur Sikri fort in Agra district. These are Daultabad, Nayavas, Satha, Korai, Behrawati, Byara, Undera, Kachora, Singarpur, Vidyapur, Onera, Arrua. TransportFatehpur Sikri is about {{convert|39|km}} from Agra. The nearest Airport is Agra Airport (also known as Kheria Airport), {{convert|40|km}} from Fatehpur Sikri. The nearest railway station is Fatehpur Sikri railway station, about {{convert|1|km}} from the city centre. It is connected to Agra and neighbouring centres by road, where regular bus services operated by UPSRTC ply, in addition to tourist buses and taxis. In literature{{wikisource|Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833/Futtypore Sicri|'Futtypore Sicri',a poem by L. E. L.}} In her poem Futtypore Sicri (Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833), Letitia Elizabeth Landon associates its abandonment with 'the revenge of the dead'. Vita Sackville-West, in her novel All Passion Spent, places the key meeting between Deborah, Lady Slane, and Mr FitzGeorge, at Fatehpur Sikri.
GallerySee also{{Portal|India}}
Notes1. ^1 {{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=Ministry of Minority Affairs|accessdate=26 December 2018|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archivedate=25 May 2017|df=dmy-all}} 2. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9A-EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjs5pf-vrLYAhXJMY8KHT31A2AQ6AEILTAC#v=onepage&f=false|title=Dictionary of Islamic Architecture|author=Andrew Petersen|publisher=Routlegde|page=82}} 3. ^{{citation |title=Fatehpur Sikri, that Mughal emperor Akbar established as his capital and is now a World Heritage site, was once a "flourishing trade and Jain pilgrimage centre", a new book says. |url=http://indiatimes.com/lifestyle/travel/fatehpur-sikri-a-jain-pilgrimage-centre-89615.html |work=India Times |date=17 July 2013 }} 4. ^{{citation |title=Fatehpur Sikri was once a Jain pilgrimage centre: Book |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/fatehpur-sikri-was-once-a-jain-pilgrimage-centre-book_831821.html |work=Zee News |date=27 February 2013 }} 5. ^{{citation |title=Fatehpur Sikri was once a Jain pilgrimage centre |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/fatehpur-sikri-was-once-a-jain-pilgrimage-centre/154050 |work=The Free Press Journal |date=28 February 2013 }} 6. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite journal|last=Petruccioli|first=Attilio|date=1984|title=The Process Evolved by Control Systems of Urban Design in the Mogul Epoch in India: The Case of Fatehpur Sikri|url=https://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/3483/original/DPC1425.pdf?1384775285|journal=Environmental Design|volume=|pages=18–27|via=ARCHNET}} 7. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&pg=PA22|title=Architecture of Mughal India, Part 1, Volume|author=Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1992|page=22|isbn=9780521267281}} 8. ^{{cite book|title=Babur-nama: (Memoirs of Babur)|author=Annette Susannah Beveridge|publisher= Sang-e-Meel Publications, University of Michigan Press|year=2002|page=851|isbn=9789693512939}} 9. ^{{cite book|title=The Cambridge History of India, Volume 4|author=Edward James Rapson, Sir Wolseley Haig, Sir Richard Burn, Henry Dodwell, Mortimer Wheeler|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1963|page=103}} 10. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&pg=PA51|title=Architecture of Mughal India, Part 1, Volume 4|author=Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1992|pages=51–53|isbn=9780521267281}} 11. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9A-EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjs5pf-vrLYAhXJMY8KHT31A2AQ6AEILTAC#v=onepage&f=false|title=Dictionary of Islamic Architecture|author=Andrew Petersen|publisher=Routlegde|pages=82–84}} 12. ^{{cite book|title=Akbar the Great, Vol. III: Society and culture in 16th century India|author=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava|publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala|year=1973|page=10}} 13. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA179|title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals|author=Abraham Eraly|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=200|page=179|isbn=9780141001432}} 14. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA284|title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals|author=Abraham Eraly|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2000|page=284|isbn=9780141001432}} 15. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qweZWra_tbwC&pg=PA200|title=The Anglo-Maratha Campaigns and the Contest for India: The Struggle for Control of the South Asian Military Economy|author=Randolf G. S. Cooper|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|page=200}} 16. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4TslDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA262|title=Towns and Cities of Medieval India: A Brief Survey|author=Aniruddha Roy|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2016|page=262}} 17. ^{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|author-link=Upinder Singh|title=The discovery of ancient India: early archaeologists and the beginnings of archaeology|date=2004|publisher=Permanent Black|isbn=9788178240886|page=185}} 18. ^{{cite book|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series, Volume 24, Issue 1|date=1908|publisher=Superintendent of Government Print|page=415}} 19. ^{{cite book|title=Islam: Art and Architecture|author=Markus Hattstein, Peter Delius|publisher=Könemann|year=2000|pages=466}} 20. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2R3a3KLl2IC&pg=PA1|title=Mughal Architecture|author=Moritz Herrmann|publisher=GRIN Verlag|year=2011|page=3}} 21. ^{{cite book|title=Mughal Architecture: An Outline of Its History and Development (1526-1858)|author=Ebba Koch|publisher=Prestel|year=1991|page=60}} 22. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&pg=PA50|title=Architecture of Mughal India, Part 1, Volume 4|author=Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1992|page=50|isbn=9780521267281}} 23. ^http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u00568000.html 24. ^From All Passion Spent (Hogarth Press,1931) Further reading
References
External links{{Commons category}}
22 : Fatehpur Sikri|Forts in Uttar Pradesh|World Heritage Sites in India|Medieval India|History of Uttar Pradesh|Mughal fortress gardens in India|Mughal architecture|Mughal Empire|Ghost towns in India|Former capital cities in India|Former populated places in India|Cities and towns in Agra district|Buildings and structures in Agra district|Sandstone buildings in India|Royal residences in India|Tourist attractions in Agra|Archaeological sites in Uttar Pradesh|Archaeological monuments in Uttar Pradesh|Populated places established in 1571|1571 in India|Akbar|1659 establishments in the Mughal Empire |
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