“Tatsama”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Tatsama (Sanskrit; {{IPA-sa|tɐtsɐmɐ|IPA}}, lit. 'same as that') are Sanskrit loanwords in modern Indo-Aryan languages like Bengali, Marathi, Oriya, Hindi, Gujarati, and Sinhala and in Dravidian languages like Malayalam, Kannada, Telugu, and Tamil. They generally belong to a higher and more erudite register than common words, many of which are (in modern Indo-Aryan languages) directly inherited from Old Indo-Aryan (tadbhava). The tatsama register can be compared to the use of words of Greek origin in English (e.g. hubris).

Bengali

The origin of tatsamas ({{lang-bn|tôtsômô}}) in Bengali is traced to tenth century Brahmin poets, who felt that the colloquial language was not suitable for their expressive needs. Another wave of tatsamas entered the then Bengali language by Sanskrit scholars teaching at Fort William College in Kolkata at the start of the 19th century. The textbooks used in these courses paved the way for more tatsamas words entering common usage.

Bengali's lexicon is about 40% tatsama (with about 58% tadbhava vocabulary inherited from Old Indo-Aryan via the Prakrit languages such as Apabhramsha and Avahațțha).^[1] Writers such as Rabindranath Tagore, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Ramram Basu, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay introduced a large number of tatsamas into Bengali.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

Tatsamas in Bengali that retain their Sanskrit pronunciation are called {{lang|bn|সমোচ্চারিত}} shômochcharitô, while those with a differing pronunciation are called {{lang|bn|অসমোচ্চারিত}} ôshômochcharitô.

Oriya

Early Oriya dictionaries such as Gitabhidhana (17th Century), Sabda Tattva Abhidhana (1916), Purnachandra Oriya Bhashakosha (1931) and Promoda Abhidan (1942) list Sanskrit tatsama vocabulary.

They are derived from Sanskrit verbal roots with the addition of suffixes and known in Oriya as "tatsama krudanta".

Sinhala

The way the tatsama entered the Sinhala language is comparable to what is found in Bengali language: they are scholarly borrowings of Sanskrit or Pali terms. Tatsama in Sinhala can be identified by their ending exclusively in -ya or -va,{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} whereas native Sinhala words tend to show a greater array of endings. Many scientific concepts make use of tatsama, for instance grahaņaya 'eclipse', but they are also found for more everyday concepts.

Telugu

Sanskrit influenced the Telugu language for about 500 years. During 1000-1100 AD, Nannaya's Telugu in Mahabharata, Telugu in several inscriptions, Telugu in poetry reestablished its roots and dominated over the royal language, Sanskrit. Telugu absorbed the Tatsamas from Sanskrit.^[2]

Metrical poetry in Telugu ('Chandassu') uses meters such as Utpalamala, Champakamala, Mattebham, Sardoola, Sragdhara, Bhujangaprayata etc.. which are pure Sanskrit meters.

Telugu has many Tatsama words. They are called Prakriti which are equivalent to Sanskrit words. The equivalent colloquial words are called Vikrutis. Vikruti means distorted. However Prakriti is only used as medium of instruction in educational institutions, offices etc. Today, the spoken Telugu contains both Prakruthi & Vikruthi words with Prakruthi words replacing Vikruthi words following years.

References

1. ^{{cite book|last1=Dash|first1=Niladri S.|title=A Descriptive Study of Bengali Words|date=2015|publisher=Foreign Language Study|page=255|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk_zCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA255&lpg=PA255&dq=tatsama+bengali+percent&source=bl&ots=oOlygTBeQf&sig=kdVUNpCiO8QZpryxfIUpqPK1oj8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiy3Y657s_JAhUH7B4KHZ8VB5cQ6AEIGzAB#v=onepage&q=tatsama%20bengali%20percent&f=false|accessdate=9 December 2015}}
2. ^{{citation |publisher=Telugu academy| first=G | last=Ramadasu | title=Telugu bhasha charitra| year=1980 }}