| 词条 | Taurida Governorate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|native_name = Таврическая губернія |conventional_long_name=Taurida Governorate |common_name = Taurida |subdivision = Governorate |nation = Russian Empire |year_start = 1802 (1783) |date_start = October 8 (old style), 1802 |year_end = 1921 |date_end = |p1 = Novorossiysk Governorate |flag_p1 = Flag of Russia.svg |s1 = Yekaterinoslav Governorate |flag_s1 = Flag of Russia.svg |s2 = Crimean People's Republic |flag_s2 = Flag of the Crimean Republic.svg |image_flag = Flag of Crimea 1918.png |image_coat = Coat of Arms of Tavria Governorate.png |image_map = Taurida Governornate Map.jpg |stat_year1 = 1906 |stat_pop1 = 1634700 |stat_year2 = 1918 |stat_area2 = 63538 |capital = Simferopol }}{{Crimean Tatars}} The Taurida Governorate ({{lang-ru|Таврическая губернія}}, modern spelling Таврическая губерния, Tavricheskaya guberniya; {{lang-uk|Таврiйська губернія}}, Tavrijśka gubernija; {{lang-crh|Tavrida guberniyası}}, Таврида губерниясы) or the Government of Taurida was an historical governorate of the Russian Empire. It included the Crimean Peninsula and the mainland between the lower Dnieper River and the coasts of the Black Sea and Sea of Azov.[1] It was formed after the Taurida Oblast was abolished in 1802 in the course of Paul I's administrative reform of the South-Western territories that had been annexed from the Crimean Khanate. The governorate's centre was the city of Simferopol. The province was named after the ancient Greek name of Crimea - Taurida. Administrative divisionsThe governorate was divided into eight counties (uyezds) and two gradonachalstva, three of them on the mainland:
and five in Crimea:
Before 1820 the governorate consisted of seven counties that included Tmutarakan county on the Taman peninsula across the Strait of Kerch. Later were created Yalta and Berdyansk counties. In 1804–29 there also existed the gradonachalstvo of Feodosiya and in 1914 Yalta county became gradonachalstvo of Yalta. In 1917 the governorate was split, with most of its peninsular part forming the Crimean People's Republic, less the city of Sevastopol which remained the main naval base of the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Republic, while the rest became part of Ukrainian People's Republic. The territory of the Ukrainian Republic was proclaimed by the Third Universal on November 20, 1917 (November 7 by Old Style)[2] of the Tsentralna Rada encompassing the Volyn Governorate, Kiev Governorate, Podolie Governorate, Chernigov Governorate, Poltava Governorate, Kharkov Governorate, Yekaterinoslav Governorate, Kherson Governorate and Taurida Governorate (not including Crimea). GeographyThe governorate bordered Yekaterinoslav Governorate and Kherson Governorate to its north. The Strait of Kerch bordered the Free lands of the Don Cossacks. It has natural borders, being surrounded by the waters of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. The mainland and the peninsular parts of the region differ significantly. The total area of the governorate was 63,538 km² of which the mainland portion consisted of 38,405km² and is largely black earth steppe land. The population of the whole region was 1,634,700 in 1906. At that time, the mainland part of the governorate was mostly populated by Ukrainians and Russians but had significant ethnic minorities of Germans, Bulgarians, Armenians and Jews, while major ethnic groups of the Crimean peninsula were Crimean Tatars and Russians with German, Greek, Poles, Armenian, and Karaim minorities. Major urban centres were Simferopol, Sevastopol, Theodosia, Bakhchisaray, and Yalta in Crimea, and Aleshki, Berdyansk, and Melitopol on the mainland.[1] Language
In 1897 289,316 people lived in the cities, constituting 19.98% of the total population. The ethnicities of the urban population were Russians (49.1%), Tatars (17.16%), and Jews (11.84%), with only 31 people living in cities who chose not to disclose their identity. Religion
HistoryFor further history see: History of Crimea In 1783, the Khanate of Crimea was annexed by Catherine the Great’s Russia. Soon after this the Taurida Oblast was established. During the reign of Paul I the oblast was abolished, but soon (in 1802) re-established as a governorate (guberniya). It was a part of the Russian Empire until the Russian Revolution of 1918. Following the 1917 October Revolution, the ethnic Tatar government proclaimed the Crimean People's Republic on December 13, 1917, which was the first Muslim Democratic state. The Tatar republic covered the peninsular portion of the former governorate, while its northern counties ended up temporarily under jurisdiction of the Yekaterinoslav Governorate. However neither Ukraine nor the Crimea managed to hold on to their territories and were overrun by Bolshevik Red Guards in the winter of 1917-18. Briefly in early 1918 the bolsheviks split the governorate territories between the Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic and the Donetsk-Krivoi Rog Soviet Republic before being overrun by the forces of the Ukrainian People's Republic with military assistance from the German Empire. References1. ^1 {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Taurida |volume=26 |page=455}} 2. ^The Third Universal in the archives of the Verkhovna Rada {{uk icon}} 3. ^Language Statistics of 1897 {{ru icon}} 4. ^including Slovakian language 5. ^including Moldavian language 6. ^languages, number of speakers which in all gubernia were less than 1,000 7. ^Religion Statistics of 1897 {{ru icon}} 8. ^Religions, number of believers which in all gubernia were less than 1,000 Further reading
External links
5 : Governorates of Ukraine|Governorates of the Russian Empire|Crimea in the Russian Empire|States and territories established in 1802|Taurida Governorate |
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