| 词条 | Temple Church, Bristol |
| 释义 |
|image=Temple Church Bristol Jan10.jpg |caption=Temple Church, Bristol |coordinates = {{coord|51.452|-2.587|display=inline}} |map_type=Bristol |name=Temple Church |location_town=Bristol |location_country=England |architect= |client= |engineer= |construction_start_date=12th century |completion_date= |date_demolished= |cost= |structural_system= |style= |size= }} Temple Church, also known as Holy Cross Church, ({{gbmapping|ST5972}}) is a ruined church in Redcliffe, Bristol, England. It is on the site of a previous, round church of the Knights Templar, which they built on land granted to them in the second quarter of the 12th century by Robert of Gloucester. In 1313 the Knights Hospitaller acquired the church, following the suppression of the Templars, only to lose it in 1540 at the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries. By the early 14th century, the church served as the parish church for the area known as Temple Fee. From around the same time, the rebuilding of the church on a rectangular plan started. This was completed by 1460, with the construction of a leaning west tower. The church was the scene of the exorcism of George Lukins conducted by Methodist and Anglican clergy in 1788.[1] The church was bombed and largely destroyed in the Bristol Blitz. It is a Grade II* listed building,[2] owned by the Diocese of Bristol. In 1958, English Heritage agreed to undertake a guardianship role. A 1960 excavation by the Ministry of Works discovered the plan of the 12th-century church, enabling it to be marked out on the ground in stone.[3] Early historyThe 12th-century church was a Templar preceptory, built on land granted to the Templars by Robert, Earl of Gloucester, sometime in the two decades before his death in 1147.[3] The Knights Hospitaller acquired the church in 1313, following the suppression of the Templars. The Hospitallers lost their English properties to the Crown in 1540, and in 1544 the church was acquired by Bristol Corporation.[3] The parish of Temple Fee had come into being by 1308, the first year in which the church was recorded as having a vicar.[3] Temple Fee and Redcliffe Fee were distinct parishes, physically separated by a "Law Ditch".[4] Both were absorbed into Bristol by the city charter of 1373, ending a dispute between Bristol and Somerset over jurisdiction.[5] Temple parish merged into St Mary Redcliffe parish in 1956.[6] World War II bombingThe church was bombed on 24/25 November 1940 in the Bristol Blitz, leaving it an empty shell. The damage was severe and although the arcades still stood they were very unsafe and have since been removed. The wrought-iron parclose screens to the side chapels did survive and are today in the Lord Mayor's Chapel. The sword rest by William Edney is now preserved but broken up into sections and re-erected in other churches.[7] The 15th century candelabrum, with its central statue of the Virgin Mary also survived, albeit a little dented, and now hangs in the Berkeley Chapel of Bristol Cathedral.[11] The bombing destroyed the stores of records kept in the cellars.[8] Listed statusIt was the first English parish church to be taken into ownership by the then Ministry of Works, and is today in the care of English Heritage. It is a Grade II* listed building.[9] The archway and gates, which date from the mid 19th century and made from Portland stone and wrought iron in a Gothic Revival style, are themselves Grade II listed.[10] The church is a scheduled monument.[11] ArchitectureThe 12th-century church had a round nave, with an aisle arcade, and a chancel with a semicircular apse. This chancel was replaced with a rectangular one, with a chapel added to its north side in Decorated style, in the late 13th or early 14th century. A second chapel was built later in the 14th century, on the south side, to which Perpendicular windows were added in the 15th century. These chapels have been identified respectively as St Katherine's Chapel, granted to the Bristol company of weavers by Edward I in 1299, and a chantry licensed to John Frauceys the younger by Edward III in 1331.[3] Cloth weaving was the staple industry of Bristol in the late Middle Ages, and its centre was in Temple parish. The round nave was replaced with a rectangular, aisled nave, in early Perpendicular style, completed around the last decade of the 14th century. The nave arcade was extended into the choir of the chancel.[3] A free-standing bell tower seems to have existed until the early 15th century, further to the west. The present, leaning west tower was built in stages, and completed between 1441 and 1460. The highest stage is at a different angle to the vertical to the lower stages, as the masons attempted to correct for the subsidence of the lower stages. The top of the tower leans {{convert|1.64|m}} from the vertical.[3] It is {{convert|114|ft}} high. The lean is popularly attributed to the foundations of the tower being built on top of wool-sacks but is most likely due to the soft alluvial clay underneath being compressed.[12] ArchivesParish records for Temple Church, Bristol are held at Bristol Archives (Ref. P.Tem) (online catalogue) including baptism, marriage, burial and burial in woollen registers. The archive also includes records of the churchwardens, charities and vestry. The archive of records for Temple Church is fragmented because the records were kept within the church when it was bombed. 2015 performance eventFrom 29 October to 21 November 2015,[13] the church hosted Sanctum, a performance event created by the American installation artist Theaster Gates together with the art group Situations, as part of Bristol 2015 European Green Capital.[14] A temporary, steepled auditorium was built inside the church, using salvaged historic materials from elsewhere in Bristol, designed to amplify the sounds of musical and other performances taking place 24 hours a day for 24 days.[13] {{clear left}}See also
References1. ^{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ByRBxicTY-EC&pg=PA109&dq=george+lukins&lr=&cd=15#v=onepage&q=george%20lukins&f=false |title=Hannah More: the first Victorian |quote=Mrs. Easterbrook was probably the recently widowed mother of the Revd Joseph Easterbrook, vicar of the Temple church in Bristol and one of the most prominent clergymen in the city. In June 1788 he had been controversially involved in an incident which a tailor named George Lukins, from the Mendip village of Yatton, had claimed to be possessed by demons. He and six 'Wesleyan' ministers performed an exorcism in front of a great crowd in the Temple church, after which Lukins was described as calm, happy, and thankful for his deliverance. |location= |publisher=E. and H. Hosford, Printers |accessdate=31 December 2007}} 2. ^{{NHLE |num=1291644 |desc=Temple Church, Remains |accessdate=1 November 2015 }} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite journal |last=Brown |first=Stewart |date=2008 |title=Excavations at Temple Church, Bristol: a report on the excavations by Andrew Saunders, 1960 |journal=Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society |volume=126 |pages=113–29 }} 4. ^{{cite book |title=Medieval and Post-Medieval Development within Bristol's Inner Suburbs |editor-last=Watts |editor-first=Martin |chapter=55–60 St Thomas St, Redcliffe, Bristol: Excavations in 2006 |last1=Davenport |first1=Roger |last2=Leech |first2=Roger |last3=Rowe |first3=Mike |publisher=Cotswold Archaeology |isbn=978-0-9553534-4-4 |pages=1–5 }} 5. ^{{cite book |title=Bristol and its Adjoining Counties |editor1-last=MacInnes |editor1-first=C. M. |editor2-last=Whittard |editor2-first=W. F. |chapter=Bristol in the Middle Ages |last=Ross |first=C. D. |publisher=British Association for the Advancement of Science |date=1955 |location=Bristol |page=187 }} 6. ^{{cite book |title=Guide to the Parish Records of the City of Bristol and the County of Gloucester |editor1-last=Gray |editor1-first=Irvine |editor2-last=Ralph |editor2-first=Elizabeth |publisher=Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society |date=1963 |page=37 }} 7. ^{{cite book |last=Burrough |first=THB |year=1970 |title=Bristol |location=London |publisher=Studio Vista |isbn=0-289-79804-3}} 8. ^{{cite web|last1=Price|first1=Roger|title=Marriages at Temple Church, Bristol|url=http://www.bafhs.org.uk/resources/bristol_temple_church_marriages_1558-1753.pdf|publisher=Bristol and Avon Family History Society|accessdate=21 October 2015}} 9. ^{{cite web |title=Temple Church |work=Images of England |publisher=English Heritage |url= http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=380791 |accessdate=28 July 2006}} 10. ^{{cite web |title=Archway and gates to Temple Church |work=Images of England |url= http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=380792 |publisher=English Heritage |accessdate=28 July 2006}} 11. ^{{cite web|title=Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Bristol |publisher=Bristol City Council |url=http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/cms-service/stream/asset/?asset_id=1157007 |format=PDF |accessdate=7 May 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930020208/http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/cms-service/stream/asset/?asset_id=1157007 |archivedate=30 September 2007 |df= }} 12. ^1 {{cite web |title=Holy Cross (Temple Church) |work=Church Crawler |url= http://www.geocities.com/churchcrawler/bristol/temple.htm | accessdate=28 July 2006 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20050517165336/http://www.geocities.com/churchcrawler/bristol/temple.htm |archivedate=17 May 2005}} 13. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/theaster-gates-if-the-city-is-ill-then-i-have-a-subject-a-patient-a6696956.html |title=Theaster Gates: 'If the city is ill, then I have a subject, a patient' |last=Judah |first=Hettie |newspaper=The Independent |date=20 October 2015 |accessdate=30 October 2015 }} 14. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/jul/20/artist-theaster-gates-bristol-church-sanctum |title=US artist Theaster Gates to help Bristol hear itself in first UK public project |last=Brown |first=Mark |newspaper=The Guardian |date=20 July 2015 |accessdate=30 October 2015 }} Further reading
External links{{commons category|Temple Church, Bristol}}
14 : British churches bombed by the Luftwaffe|Former churches in Bristol|English Heritage sites in Bristol|Ruined churches of World War II|Ruins in Bristol|Tourist attractions in Bristol|Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Bristol|12th-century churches|Inclined towers|Churches completed in 1460|Towers completed in the 15th century|Church ruins in England|Grade II* listed churches in Bristol|Grade II* listed ruins |
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