“Temple Scroll”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Temple Scroll ({{lang-he|מגילת המקדש}}) is the longest of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Among the discoveries at Qumran it is designated: 11QTemple Scroll^a(11Q19[11QT^a]). It describes a Jewish temple which was never built, along with extensive detailed regulations about sacrifices and temple practices. The document is written in the form of a revelation from God to Moses, thereby with the intended meaning that this is the more appropriate temple which was revealed to Moses, and that Moses' instructions were either forgotten or ignored when Solomon built the First Temple. In other words, in the mind of the Scroll writer, "Solomon should actually have built the First Temple as it is described here in the Temple Scroll".^[1]

Introduction

The Temple Scroll is written in Hebrew in the square Herodian script of the late Second Temple Period, and comprises 65 columns (19 pieces of leather) and is 9 metres in length.^[2] The outer part of the scroll sustained considerable damage over the many centuries with the consequence that Columns 2 to 14 have many missing words and phrases.^[2] From Column 15 onward the inner part of the scroll is better preserved.

Most of the text is a reworking of biblical material (mostly from Exodus chapter 34 to Deuteronomy chapter 23), though not in the same order as given in the bible, sometimes it combines different biblical texts to present a novel view and there are parts that are non biblical that are presented using biblical phraseology.^[3]

There is no scholarly consensus regarding the date, origin, author or authors, or its relationship to the Qumran community.^[4] Some scholars attribute the Temple Scroll to the isolated Qumran community, while others see no connection with the Qumran community; instead they see the work as a priestly (possible Zadokite) document that was hidden in a cave by Zealots during their flight from Jerusalem in 70 CE before the Roman destruction of the Temple.^[5]

Using X-rays, samples from the scroll showed that the fragments have a ratio of chlorine to bromine about three times higher than found in sea water, and researchers conclude that the parchment of the scroll may have been made using Dead Sea water.^[6]

An idealized temple

The scroll describes a Temple compound arranged in three concentric square courts resembling the Israelites camp in the desert during their exodus from Egypt to the promised land.^[5]

An idealized "four square" Temple plan is presented in the Temple Scroll. Johann Maier calculated that the scroll dimensions of the three inner courts^[7] are:

The sacrificial regulations of Exodus, Leviticus and Deuteronomy are blended and united into one cohesive unit for the ideal Temple. The dimensions of the Temple are much larger than the Solomonic First Temple, probably reflecting the significantly larger population whose needs must be met. This clearly means that the Scroll pre-dates the dramatic expansions of the Second Temple (sometimes referred to as Herod's Temple) which Herod the Great instituted to meet those same needs which had been generated by significant population growth.

The four equal sides to the proposed Temple find an earlier model in Ezekiel's temple (Ezekiel chapters 40–47).

The Temple Scroll describes a Temple, beginning at the centre with the Kadosh Hakadashim, also known as the Holy of Holies. The first court is the area for the priests, the second court is "the area for cultically qualified men"^[9] and the third is "the area for ritually pure Israelites."^[9] The Scroll begins with the holiest place before working outwards into areas of less and less holiness. There is a strong distinction between the areas.

The theme of purity (holiness) in the Temple Scroll

Purity before 200 BCE

The above-mentioned outline of the three courts, beginning with the holiest place and working outward into less and less pure areas highlights the theme of purity in the Scroll, though the writer makes it abundantly clear that an extremely high level of purity is required even to enter the city at all, as can be seen further along on this page.

The call to purity has been a part of Israel's existence from early times, as evidenced in the Pentateuch/Torah and in many of the biblical prophets, both major and minor. This call was voiced very powerfully in Jeremiah and Ezekiel in the years just before the destruction of the First Temple (also known as Solomon's Temple) in 586 BCE and by Ezekiel and others in the years shortly afterward. The return of some Jewish people to Jerusalem (c. 535 BCE) following their exile in Babylonia resulted in tensions over the issue of purity, as they sought to keep themselves distinct from the local people they found living in Judah. Many other Jewish people remained in Babylonia where they faced the challenge of keeping themselves and their culture distinct and alive (see Jewish Diaspora).

Purity in the Temple Scroll

The Temple Scroll demands an extraordinary level of purity in all who draw near the Temple because of the holiness radiating from it.^[10] In drawing close to the Temple, to protect the holiness, greater degrees of cleanliness is mandated in the form of purity laws.^[10] The purity laws are more stringent than those of Pentateuch, which was mainly concerned with keeping the wilderness camp of the sojourning Israelites pure.^[10] The Temple Scroll does not appear to make provision for permanent habitation of the Temple city, but envisions temporary residents that come from other cities for festivals and religious rites.^[11]

Columns 48 to 51 list sources of impurity and the steps needed to become clean again.^[12]

Such statements go beyond the requirements of Torah, Mishnah or Talmud, and imply that sexual intercourse is not to be permitted at all inside the city where the new Temple will stand. A similar regulation is found in the Damascus Document (also found at Qumran) Dead Sea Scrolls Document Ref. No. CD-A]:

The holiness extends out from the inner court of the Temple to encompass not only the other two temple courts, but takes in the entire city. These two latter passages also reveal a strong connection between the Temple Scroll and the Damascus Document.

Festivals in the Temple Scroll

Textual evidence indicates that the text for the festivals comes from another work and was incorporated into the Temple Scroll, which lists festivals that should be celebrated throughout the year; many of the festivals are mentioned in the Bible including those found in Numbers 28-29,^[16] and Leviticus 23,^[17] but some are unique including the annual festival for priest ordination.^[11] In contrast to the single Biblical festival of First Fruits (grains), the Temple Scroll calls for four First Fruit festivals:

Sacrificial regulations and practices

The Temple Scroll reveals a rather detailed awareness of temple sacrifices right down to precise details about animals and the sacrificial practice. An example of this precision is Column 15, beginning at verse 5:

The Temple Scroll has many similar passages. This particular passage is about the annual consecration of temple priests and is derived from Leviticus 8:16 and Exodus 29:1–18.^[19] In passage after passage the writer of the Scroll reveals a familiarity with countless aspects of temple sacrificial offerings, leading one to the conclusion that he had either actually been present (and perhaps an active participant in) sacrifices in the Second Temple, or at the very least had a very thorough awareness of both written (Pentateuch/Torah) and oral sources of information regarding Jewish sacrificial practice. Johann Maier seems to favour the latter when he states:

Meier claims that "a distinct closeness to the Greek translation (the Septuagint) can at times be detected."^[19] A strong priestly influence is obvious in the Scroll, whether it originated in Qumran itself or in Jerusalem.

References

1. ^Johann Maier, The Temple Scroll (Sheffield: JSOT Press [Supplement 34] 1985), p. 59.
2. ^¹Johann Maier, The Temple Scroll (Sheffield: JSOT Press [Supplement 34] 1985), p. 1.
3. ^{{cite book|author=Dwight D. Swanson|title=The Temple Scroll & the Bible: The Methodology of 11QT|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1owHWmaCS8C&pg=PA5|accessdate=27 March 2013|year=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-09849-7|page=5}}
4. ^{{cite book|author=Dwight D. Swanson|title=The Temple Scroll & the Bible: The Methodology of 11QT|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1owHWmaCS8C&pg=PA1|accessdate=27 March 2013|year=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-09849-7|page=1}}
5. ^¹http://dss.collections.imj.org.il/temple
6. ^http://www.nbcnews.com/id/38330648/ns/technology_and_science-science/#.UVE58Vcox20
7. ^¹Johann Maier, The Temple Scroll (Sheffield: JSOT Press [Supplement 34] 1985), p. 63.
8. ^Johann Maier, The Temple Scroll (Sheffield: JSOT Press [Supplement 34] 1985), p. 62; Yigael Yadin, The Temple Scroll, 3 volumes, English translation, Jerusalem: 1984 [the 3 vols. originally published in Hebrew, Jerusalem: 1978]. Photographs of Temple Scroll by Yigael Yadin
9. ^¹Johann Maier, The Temple Scroll (Sheffield: JSOT Press [Supplement 34] 1985), p. 58.
10. ^¹²{{cite book|author=Sidnie White Crawford|title=Temple Scroll and Related Texts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bOY8BRmsYwC&pg=PA42|accessdate=26 March 2013|date=1 May 2000|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-84127-056-2|page=42}}
11. ^¹{{cite book|author=Sidnie White Crawford|title=Temple Scroll and Related Texts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bOY8BRmsYwC&pg=PA49|accessdate=26 March 2013|date=1 May 2000|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-84127-056-2|page=49}}
12. ^{{cite book|author=Dwight D. Swanson|title=The Temple Scroll & the Bible: The Methodology of 11QT|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1owHWmaCS8C&pg=PA4|accessdate=27 March 2013|year=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-09849-7|page=4}}
13. ^Florentino Garcia Martinez, The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated: The Qumran Texts in English, Wilfred G. E. Watson, translator; (Leiden: E.J.Brill, 1994 English Edition), p. 167.
14. ^Florentino Garcia Martinez, The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated: The Qumran Texts in English, Wilfred G. E. Watson, translator; (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1994 English edition), p. 42;
15. ^Florentino Garcia Martinez and Julio Trebolle Barrera, The People of the Dead Sea Scrolls (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1995 English Edition), p. 143.
16. ^http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers+28&version=NIV
17. ^http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Leviticus%2023&version=NIV
18. ^Florentino Garcia Martinez, The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated: The Qumran Texts in English, Wilfred G. E. Watson, translator; (Leiden: E.J.Brill, 1994 English Edition), p. 156.
19. ^¹Johann Maier, The Temple Scroll (Sheffield: JSOT Press [Supplement 34] 1985), p. 78.
20. ^Johann Maier, The Temple Scroll (Sheffield: JSOT Press [Supplement 34] 1985), p. 3.