“Tera language”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Tera language

释义

Phonology
Tone
Orthography
References
Bibliography

{{Infobox language
|name=Tera
|region=Nigeria
|speakers={{sigfig|101,000|3}}
|date=2000
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
|fam2=Chadic
|fam3=Biu–Mandara
|fam4=Tera languages (A.1)
|iso3=ttr
|glotto=tera1251
|glottorefname=Tera
|dia1=Pidlimdi (Hinna)
|notice=IPA
}}Tera is a Chadic dialect cluster spoken in north-eastern Nigeria in the north and eastern parts of Gombe State and Borno State.^[1] Blench (2006) believes Pidlimdi (Hinna) dialect is a separate language.^[2]

Phonology

Consonants^[3]
		Labial				Alveolar				Post-al. /Palatal		Velar				Glottal
		plain		palatal.		central		lateral		Post-al. /Palatal		plain		labial.		Glottal
Nasal			{{IPAlink\|m}}		{{IPA\|mʲ}}		{{IPAlink\|n}}				{{IPAlink\|ɲ}}		{{IPAlink\|ŋ}}
Stop{{ref\|1\|1	plain	{{IPAlink\|p}}	{{IPAlink\|b}}			{{IPAlink\|t}}{{ref\|2\|2}}	{{IPAlink\|d}}{{ref\|2\|2}}			{{IPAlink\|tʃ}}{{ref\|2\|2}}	{{IPAlink\|dʒ}}{{ref\|2\|2}}	{{IPAlink\|k}}	{{IPAlink\|ɡ}}	{{IPA\|kʷ}}	{{IPA\|ɡʷ}}
	prenasal.		{{IPA\|ᵐb}}				{{IPA\|ⁿd}}				{{IPA\|ᶮdʒ}}		{{IPA\|ᵑɡ}}		{{IPA\|ᵑɡʷ}}
	implosive		{{IPAlink\|ɓ}}		{{IPA\|ɓʲ}}		{{IPAlink\|ɗ}}						{{IPAlink\|ɠ}}
Fricative		{{IPAlink\|f}}	{{IPAlink\|v}}		{{IPA\|vʲ}}	{{IPAlink\|s}}	{{IPAlink\|z}}	{{IPAlink\|ɬ}}	{{IPAlink\|ɮ}}	{{IPAlink\|ʃ}}	{{IPAlink\|ʒ}}	{{IPAlink\|x}}	{{IPAlink\|ɣ}}	{{IPA\|xʷ}}	{{IPA\|ɣʷ}}	{{IPAlink\|h}}{{ref\|3\|3}}
Approximant	plain								{{IPAlink\|l}}		{{IPAlink\|j}}				{{IPAlink\|w}}
Approximant	glottal.										{{IPA\|jˀ}}{{ref\|4\|4}}
Trill							{{IPAlink\|r}}

{{note|1|1}} Voiceless plosives are lightly aspirated but unreleased before another consonant.^[4]

{{note|2|2}} {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}} formally had {{IPA|/tʃ/}} and {{IPA|/dʒ/}} respectively as allophones but the two pairs have split; however, the alveolar plosives never precede front vowels and the postalveolar affricates rarely precede anything but front vowels.^[4]

{{note|3|3}} {{IPA|/h/}} is a relatively new phoneme, appearing in loanwords from English and Hausa.^[5]

{{note|4|4}} {{IPA|/jˀ/}} derives from a {{IPA|/ɗʲ/}} that has lost its alveolar contact while retaining the palatal and glottal action.^[4]

Vowels^[6]
Front	Central	Back
Close	i}} {{IPA link\|iː}}	ɨ}}	u}} {{IPA link\|uː}}
Mid	e̞\|e}} {{IPA link\|e̞\|eː}}	o̞\|o}} {{IPA link\|o̞\|oː}}
Open	ä\|a}} {{IPA link\|ä\|aː}}

The mid vowels {{IPA|/e, eː, o, oː/}} are true-mid {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|e̞}}, {{IPAplink|e̞ː}}, {{IPAplink|o̞}}, {{IPAplink|o̞ː}}]}}.^[6]
The open vowels {{IPA|/a, aː/}} are central {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ä}}, {{IPAplink|äː}}]}}.^[6]

Vowel length contrasts are neutralized in monosyllabic words with no coda consonants.^[6]

All vowels but {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/aː/}} are more open in closed syllables such as in {{IPA|[ɮɛp]}} ('to plait') and {{IPA|[xʊ́r]}} ('to cook soup'). {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/aː/}} tend to be fronted to {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|æ}}, {{IPAplink|æː}}]}} when following palatalized consonants.^[7]

Diphthongs, which have the same length as long vowels, consist of a non-high vowel and a high vowel:^[7]

Diphthong	Example	Orthography	Gloss
/eu/}}	/ɓeu/}}	ɓeu	'sour'
/oi/}}	/woi/}}	woi	'child'
/ai/}}	/ɣài/}}	ghai	'town'
/au/}}	/ɮàu/}}	dlau	'sickle'

Phonetically, these diphthongs are {{IPA|[e̞ʊ, o̞ɪ, ɐɪ, ɐʊ]}}.^[7]

Tone

Tera is a tonal language, distinguishing high, mid and low tone. Tone is not indicated orthographically since no minimal trios exist; minimal pairs can be distinguished by context.^[8]

Orthography

The first publication in Tera was Labar Mbarkandu nu Yohanna Bula Ki, a translation of the Gospel of John, which established an orthographic system. In 2004, this orthographic system was revised.^[1]

References

1. ^¹{{Harvcoltxt|Tench|2007|p=227}}
2. ^Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List (ms)
3. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Tench|2007|p=228}}
4. ^¹²{{Harvcoltxt|Tench|2007|p=229}}
5. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Tench|2007|p=229}}
6. ^¹²³{{Harvcoltxt|Tench|2007|p=230}}
7. ^¹²{{Harvcoltxt|Tench|2007|p=231}}
8. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Tench|2007|p=232}}

Bibliography

{{citation

|last=Tench
|first=Paul
|year=2007
|title=Tera
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=37
|issue=1
|pages=228–234
|doi=10.1017/s0025100307002952
}}{{refend}}{{Languages of Nigeria}}{{Biu–Mandara languages}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Tera Language}}

2 : Biu-Mandara languages|Languages of Nigeria

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