“Te Tai Tonga”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Te Tai Tonga is a New Zealand parliamentary Māori electorate, returning one Member of Parliament to the New Zealand House of Representatives. The current MP for Te Tai Tonga is Rino Tirikatene of the Labour Party, who in 2011 defeated Rahui Katene of the Māori Party, who in turn had won the seat in 2008.

Population centres

Te Tai Tonga is by far the largest of the seventy-one electorates of New Zealand, covering all of the South Island, Stewart Island, the Chatham Islands, all the islands in the Southern Ocean and a large part of the Wellington urban area, namely Wellington City as far as Johnsonville, and Petone, Lower Hutt and Eastbourne from the Hutt Valley. Besides Wellington, the main centres in te Tai Tonga are Nelson, Christchurch, Timaru, Oamaru, Dunedin, Queenstown, and Invercargill.

Te Tai Tonga's size was marginally decreased after a review of boundaries in 2007, when the suburbs of Naenae and Taitā were moved into Ikaroa-Rāwhiti.^[1] The 2013/14 redistribution did not further alter the boundaries of the electorate.^[2]

The main iwi of Te Tai Tonga are Ngāi Tahu/Kāi Tahu, Kāti Māmoe and Waitaha, and in the North Island, Te Āti Awa ki Whakarongotai, Ngāti Toa Rangatira and Ngāti Poneke,^[3] that latter of which is not iwi in the traditional sense, but an urban pan-tribal grouping. The Chatham Islands was invaded by members of Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama, and their descendants live there today, alongside the indigenous Moriori.

History

The boundaries of Te Tai Tonga have a lot in common with the seat of Southern Maori that it superseded in 1996 with the introduction of Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) voting and an increase in the number of Māori electorates from four to five. The main difference involves the separation of the Wairarapa and Hawke's Bay into seats wholly located in the North Island – initially Te Puku O Te Whenua, and since 1999 Ikaroa-Rāwhiti. The voting patterns of Te Tai Tonga reflect the adaptation of Te Tai Tonga voters to proportional representation.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} Whetū Tirikatene-Sullivan had served as Southern Maori's representative in Parliament during the terms of five different governments and nine Prime Ministers, but the New Zealand First Party challenger Tū Wyllie tipped her out of the seat in 1996, as sixty years of Labour Party control of the (then) four Māori electorates ended.

In 1999 New Zealand First lost its electoral footing after an unpopular term in office, firstly as junior government-coalition partner and then following an internal split in the party, with much of the party's original parliamentary caucus leaving the party ("waka-jumping") to prop up the government of Jenny Shipley (although Wyllie himself did not join the breakaway group). Along with a drop in the New Zealand First vote from thirteen to four percent nationwide came the return of the Māori electorates to Labour and the election of Mahara Okeroa to Parliament as the Labour Party MP for Te Tai Tonga.

A political difference of opinion between many Māori and the Labour Party emerged in 2004, when Helen Clark's Labour government introduced the Seabed and Foreshore Bill, claiming the coastline for the Crown and in the process providing the catalyst for the launch of the Māori Party (7 July 2004), which went on to win four of the seven Māori seats (but not the plurality of the party votes cast in those seats) at the 2005 general election. Te Tai Tonga did not form part of this electoral sea-change, with Okeroa's majority slashed from 8,000 to around 2,500 despite his facing two fewer contenders than in 2002. At the same time, voters in the seat used the left-hand side of the ballot paper to up Labour's share of the party vote from 52 to 57 percent and to help re-elect Clark's Labour government (possibly{{original research inline|date=November 2011}} due to the campaign stance of National Party leader Don Brash).

Members of Parliament

List MPs

Members of Parliament elected from party lists in elections where that person also unsuccessfully contested the Te Tai Tonga electorate. Unless otherwise stated, all MPs terms began and ended at general elections.

Election results

2017 election

2014 election

2011 election

2008 election

2005 election

1999 election

Refer to Candidates in the New Zealand general election 1999 by electorate#Te Tai Tonga for a list of candidates.

1996 election

Notes

References

1. ^{{cite book| title=Report of the Representation Commission 2007 |url= http://www.elections.org.nz/sites/default/files/2007%20Representation%20Commission%20Report.pdf |isbn=978-0-477-10414-2 |publisher=Representation Commission |accessdate=2 October 2014 |page=11 |format=PDF |date=14 September 2007}}
2. ^{{cite book| title=Report of the Representation Commission 2014 |url= http://www.elections.org.nz/sites/default/files/bulk-upload/documents/report_of_the_representation_commission_2014.pdf |isbn=978-0-477-10414-2 |publisher=Representation Commission |accessdate=2 October 2014 |page=11 |format=PDF |date=4 April 2014}}
3. ^Te Puni Kōkiri – In Your Region – Te Whanganui ā Tara
4. ^{{cite news |last=Macintosh |first=Rob |title=Battle for Maori seat is under way |url= http://www.stuff.co.nz/marlborough-express/news/5615719/Battle-for-Maori-seat-is-under-way |accessdate=29 November 2011 |work=The Marlborough Express |date=13 September 2011}}
5. ^{{cite web| url= http://electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2014/electorate-70.html |title=Official Count Results – Te Tai Tonga |date=21 September 2014 |accessdate=3 October 2014 |publisher=Electoral Commission}}
6. ^{{cite web| url=http://electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2017/electorate-details-70.html |title=E9 Statistics – Electorate Status |accessdate=17 December 2017 |publisher=Electoral Commission}}
7. ^{{cite web| url= http://electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2014/electorate-70.html |title=Official Count Results – Te Tai Tonga |date=10 December 2014 |accessdate=7 December 2016 |publisher=Electoral Commission}}
8. ^¹{{cite web| url= http://electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2011/electorate-69.html |title=Official Count Results – Te Tai Tonga |date=10 December 2011 |accessdate=3 October 2014 |publisher=Electoral Commission}}
9. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.elections.org.nz/ages/ |title= Enrolment statistics |publisher= Electoral Commission |date= 26 November 2011 |accessdate= 28 November 2011}}
10. ^2008 election results
11. ^2005 election results
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_1996/pdf/6.1%20Te%20Tai%20Tonga%2065.pdf|title=Electorate Candidate and Party Votes Recorded at Each Polling Place – Te Tai Tonga|accessdate=4 August 2013}}
13. ^Party Lists of Successful Registered Parties {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208054410/http://electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_1996/pdf/3.3%20Party%20Lists%20of%20Successful%20Registered%20Parties.pdf |date=8 February 2013 }}
14. ^Party Lists of Unsuccessful Registered Parties