“Tetany”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Tetany or tetanic seizure is a medical sign consisting of the involuntary contraction of muscles, which may be caused by disease or other conditions that increase the action potential frequency of muscle cells or the nerves that innervate them. Notably, muscle cramps caused by the disease tetanus are not classified as tetany; rather, they are due to a lack of inhibition to the neurons that supply muscles. Tetanic contractions (physiologic tetanus) are a broad range of muscle contraction types, of which tetany is only one.

Causes

Pathophysiology

Hypocalcemia is the primary cause of tetany. Low ionized calcium levels in the extracellular fluid increase the permeability of neuronal membranes to sodium ion, causing a progressive depolarization, which increases the possibility of action potentials. This occurs because calcium ions interact with the exterior surface of sodium channels in the plasma membrane of nerve cells. When calcium ions are absent the voltage level required to open voltage gated sodium channels is significantly altered (less excitation is required).^[7] If the plasma Ca²⁺ decreases to less than 50% of the normal value of 9.4 mg/dl, action potentials may be spontaneously generated, causing contraction of peripheral skeletal muscles. Hypocalcemia is not a term for tetany but is rather a cause of tetany.

Diagnosis

French Professor Armand Trousseau (1801-1867) devised the trick (now known as the Trousseau sign of latent tetany) of occluding the brachial artery by squeezing, to trigger cramps in the fingers. Also, tetany can be demonstrated by tapping anterior to the ear, at the emergence of the facial nerve. A resultant twitch of the nose or lips suggests low calcium levels. This is now known as the Chvostek sign.

Tetany is characterized by contraction of distal muscles of the hands (carpal spasm with extension of interphalangeal joints and adduction and flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joints) and feet (pedal spasm) and is associated with tingling around the mouth and distally in the limbs.

EMG studies reveal single or often grouped motor unit discharges at low discharge frequency during tetany episodes.

References

1. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Haldimann | first1 = B. | last2 = Vogt | first2 = K. | title = [Hyperphosphatemia and tetany following phosphate enema] | journal = Schweiz Med Wochenschr | volume = 113 | issue = 35 | pages = 1231–3 |date=Sep 1983 | doi = | pmid = 6623048 }}
2. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Sutters | first1 = M. | last2 = Gaboury | first2 = CL. | last3 = Bennett | first3 = WM. | title = Severe hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia: a dilemma in patient management | journal = J Am Soc Nephrol | volume = 7 | issue = 10 | pages = 2056–61 |date=Oct 1996 | doi = | pmid = 8915965 }}
3. ^{{cite book|title=Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology|year=2010|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=978-1-4160-4574-8|edition=12th|editor=Hall, John|page=367}}
4. ^{{cite book|title=Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology|year=2010|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=978-1-4160-4574-8|edition=12th|editor=Hall, John|page=856}}
5. ^{{cite journal|last=Grobin|first=W|title=A New Syndrome, Magnesium-Deficiency Tetany|journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal|date=May 14, 1960|volume=82|issue=20|pages=1034–5|pmid=20326284|pmc=1938332}}
6. ^{{cite book|title=Beef Cattle Handbook|chapter=Grass Tetany in Beef Cattle|url=http://www.iowabeefcenter.org/Beef%20Cattle%20Handbook/Grass-Tetany.pdf|author1=Bill Kvasnicka |author2=Les J. Krysl }}
7. ^{{cite book|title=Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology|year=2010|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=978-1-4160-4574-8|edition=12th|editor=Hall, John|page=64}}

Causes

Pathophysiology

Diagnosis

References

External links