| 词条 | Tetrapod (structure) |
| 释义 |
HistoryTetrapods were originally developed in 1950 by Pierre Danel and Paul Anglès d'Auriac of Laboratoire Dauphinois d'Hydraulique (now ARTELIA) in Grenoble, France, who received a patent for the design.[3] The name was derived from Greek, with tetra- meaning four and -pode meaning foot, a reference to the tetrahedral shape. Tetrapods were first used at the thermal power station in Roches Noires in Casablanca, Morocco, to protect the sea water intake.[4][5] Their success saw Tetrapods become popular across the world, particularly in Japan where their manufacture and dispersal still create jobs and contracts for construction companies. It is estimated that nearly 50 percent of Japan's {{convert|35000|km|sp=us}} coastline has been covered or somehow altered by Tetrapods and other forms of concrete. The proliferation of Tetrapods on the island of Okinawa, a popular vacation destination in Japan, has made it difficult for tourists to find unaltered beaches and shoreline, especially in the southern half of the island.[6] The Tetrapod inspired many similar concrete structures for use in breakwaters, including the Modified Cube (United States, 1959), the Stabit (United Kingdom, 1961), the Akmon (The Netherlands, 1962), the Dolos (South Africa, 1963), the Stabilopod (Romania, 1969),[6] the Seabee (Australia, 1978), the Accropode (France, 1981), the Hollow Cube (Germany, 1991), the A-jack (United States, 1998), and the Xbloc (The Netherlands, 2001), among others. In Japan, the word tetrapod is often used as a generic name for wave-dissipating blocks including other types and shapes.[7] See also
References1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.brighthubengineering.com/geotechnical-engineering/42962-what-are-tetrapods/|title=What are Tetrapods? (Tetrapods Resist Wave Impact and Prevent Beach Erosion)|website=Brighthub Engineering|access-date=2017-08-02}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/ijnaoe.2014.6.issue-4/ijnaoe-2013-0224/ijnaoe-2013-0224.pdf|title=Effects of vertical wall and tetrapod weights on wave overtopping in rubble mound breakwaters under irregular wave conditions|last=Park |display-authors=etal |first=Sang Kil|date=2014|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2 August 2014}} 3. ^Pierre Danel and Paul Anglès d'Auriac (1963) Improvements in or relating to artificial blocks for building structures exposed to the action of moving water [https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&II=3&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19631231&CC=MY&NR=6300031A&KC=A#] 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Danel|first=Pierre|date=1953|title=TETRAPODS|url=https://journals.tdl.org/icce/index.php/icce/article/view/1812|journal=Coastal Engineering Proceedings|language=en|volume=1|issue=4|pages=28|doi=10.9753/icce.v4.28|issn=2156-1028}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://icce-ojs-tamu.tdl.org/icce/index.php/icce/article/viewFile/2276/1967|title=The Tetrapod|last=Danel|first=Pierre|date=1967|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2 August 2017}} 6. ^{{cite journal | last = Spătaru | first = A | authorlink = | title = Breakwaters for the Protection of Romanian Beaches | journal = Coastal Engineering | volume = | issue = 14 | pages = | publisher = Elsevier Science Publishers | location = | date = 1990 | url = | jstor = | issn = | doi = | id = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = | accessdate = }} 7. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2007/07/22/to-be-sorted/tetrapods/|title=TETRAPODS|last=Hesse|first=Stephen|date=2007-07-22|work=The Japan Times Online|access-date=2017-08-02|language=en-US|issn=0447-5763}}
2 : Coastal engineering|Marine revetments |
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