| 词条 | Thalassina |
| 释义 |
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Miocene|Recent}} | image = Thalassina anomala.JPG | image_caption = Thalassina anomala | display_parents = 3 | parent_authority = Latreille, 1831 | taxon = Thalassina | authority = Latreille, 1806 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision =
| type_species = Thalassina scorpionides | type_species_authority = Latreille, 1806 }} Thalassina is a genus of mud lobsters found in the mangrove swamps of the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean. Its nocturnal burrowing is important for the recycling of nutrients in the mangrove ecosystem, although it is sometimes considered a pest of fish and prawn farms. DescriptionThalassina is a lobster-like animal which grows up to {{convert|30|cm}} long,[1] but is more typically {{convert|6|-|20|cm|abbr=on}} long. Its colour ranges from pale to dark brown and brownish green.[2] The carapace is tall and ovoid, extends over less than one third of the animal's length, and projects forward into a short rostrum.[3] The tail is long and thin, and, like many burrowing decapods, the uropods are reduced in form, and do not form a functional tail fan with the telson.[4] Various rows of setae on the legs and gills are used to prevent sediment from reaching the gills and for expelling any which does reach them. Thalassina also makes use of "respiratory reversal" to keep the gills free of dirt.[5]DistributionThalassina is found along the coast of the Asian mainland from Kerala, India to Vietnam, including Sri Lanka and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It is also found throughout most of Maritime Southeast Asia and the Ryukyu Islands, and its range extends south to most of Australia's north coast (from the North West Cape in Western Australia to Central Queensland), and east to Fiji and Samoa.[3]Ecology and behaviourThalassina lives in burrows up to {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep, and is active at night.[6] Its burrowing fulfils an important rôle in the mangrove ecosystem bringing organic matter up from deep sediments. The animal's output forms large volcano-like mounds which can reach heights of {{convert|3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} and are vital to many other species such as Odontomachus malignus (an ant), Episesarma singaporense (a crab), Wolffogebia phuketensis (another mud shrimp), Idioctis littoralis (a spider), Acrochordus granulatus (a snake), Excoecaria agallocha (a mangrove) and termites. The burrowing activity can cause T. anomala to be seen as a pest where it weakened the bunding that surrounds prawn farms or fish farms.[1] The small-eyed goby, a species of herbivorous goby specialising in feeding on seagrass, shares the burrows of mud lobsters of the genus Thalassina.[7]Use as foodIn parts of its range, including Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea and Fiji, the claws of Thalassina are eaten, but the meat is bland and it is never very popular. In powdered form or steeped in alcohol, it is used in Thailand as a remedy for asthma.[3] Fossil recordFossils of Thalassina are encountered "in countless numbers",[8] and extend back as far as the Miocene. They are generally preserved in a hard phosphatic nodule which is believed to be the animal's moulting position. Storms may trap the animals in their burrows, and the mineral-rich nature of the sediments leads to very rapid fossilisation.[9] The presence of Thalassina, together with other warm-water species in the Miocene of Japan (outside the current range of the species) is taken as confirmation of a period of increased temperatures {{Ma|16}}.[10]Taxonomy{{Portal|Crustaceans|Arthropods}}Thalassina is the only genus in the family Thalassinidae (=Scorpionoidae Haworth, 1825).[3] For many years, only a single species, Thalassina anomala, was recognised, but a 2009 revision by Nguyen Ngoc-Ho and Michèle de Saint Laurent increased the number of extant species to eight, including one fossil species.[11][12] Thalassinidae is classified in the infraorder Gebiidea, alongside the families Upogebiidae, Axianassidae and Laomediidae.[12][13]The extant species are:[11]
The fossil species, Thalassina emerii, is known from northern Australia, Papua New Guinea and Indonesia.[11] References1. ^1 {{cite book |title=A Guide to the Mangroves of Singapore |editor1=Peter K. L. Ng |editor2=N. Sivasothi |chapter=Mud lobster, Thalassina anomala |author=Kelvin K. P. Lim, Dennis H. Murphy, T. Morgany, N. Sivasothi, Peter K. L. Ng, B. C. Soong, Hugh T. W. Tan, K. S. Tan & T. K. Tan |year=1999 |isbn=981-04-1308-4 |publisher=Singapore Science Centre |chapterurl=http://mangrove.nus.edu.sg/guidebooks/text/2064.htm}} {{Edible crustaceans}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q2698435}}2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/dampier/explore_crustacean_mangrovelobster.asp |title=Mangrove lobster (Thalassina squamifera) |publisher=Western Australian Museum |year=2006 |work=Marine Life of the Dampier Archipelago}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |url=http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/bis/lobsters.php?menuentry=soorten&id=75 |chapter=Thalassina anomala |pages=229–231 |series=FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125 |title=Marine Lobsters of the World |author=Lipke B. Holthuis |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |year=1991 |isbn=92-5-103027-8 |authorlink=Lipke Holthuis}} 4. ^{{cite journal |title=The Thalassinoidea (Crustacea, Anomura) of Maharashtra |author=K. N. Sankolli |year=1970 |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=235–249 |url=http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/22057/22057.pdf |format=PDF}} 5. ^{{cite journal |author1=Zenon B. Batang |author2=H. Suzuki |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1999 |journal=Journal of Crustacean Biology |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=671–683 |jstor=1549290 |title=Gill-cleaning mechanisms of the mud lobster Thalassina anomala (Decapoda: Thalassinidea: Thalassinidae) |doi=10.2307/1549290}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/inverts/mudlobster.htm |title=Mud Lobster Thalassina anomala |author=Ria Tan |year=2001 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827222018/http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/inverts/mudlobster.htm |archivedate=2007-08-27 |df= }} 7. ^{{cite web | author = Dianne J. Bray | title = Austrolethops wardi | work = Fishes of Australia | accessdate = 22 August 2018 | url = http://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1309 | publisher = Museums Victoria}} 8. ^{{cite journal |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand |year=1950 |volume=78 |issue=2–3 |pages=269–270 |author1=W. N. Benson |author2=H. J. Finlay |lastauthoramp=yes |title=A post-Tertiary micro-fauna in a concretion containing Cancer novae-zealandiae |url=http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_78/rsnz_78_02_003360.html}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://webs.csu.edu/~epeters/Personal/Fossils.html |title=Too young to be an old fossil? |author=Eric Leif Peters |date=August 4, 2005 |publisher=Chicago State University |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040608164821/http://webs.csu.edu/~epeters/Personal/Fossils.html |archivedate=June 8, 2004 |accessdate=April 7, 2011}} 10. ^{{cite journal |author1=H. Karasawa |author2=I. Nishikawa |lastauthoramp=yes |year=1991 |title=Thalassina anomala (Herbst, 1804) (Thalassinidea: Decapoda) from the Miocene Bihoku Group, southwest Japan |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the Palaeontological Society of Japan |volume=163 |pages=852–860 |url=http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110002703322/en/}} 11. ^1 2 {{cite journal |author=Nguyen Ngoc-Ho & Michèle de Saint Laurent |year=2009 |title=The genus Thalassina Latreille, 1806 (Crustacea: Thalassinidea: Thalassinidae) |journal=Raffles Bulletin of Zoology |volume=Suppl. 20 |pages=121–158 |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s20/s20rbz121-158.pdf |format=PDF}} 12. ^1 {{cite WoRMS |author=Gary Poore |year=2012 |title=Thalassina Latreille, 1806 |id=465352 |accessdate=October 22, 2012}} 13. ^{{cite journal |author=K. Sakai |year=2004 |journal=Crustaceana |title=The diphyletic nature of the Infraorder Thalassinidea (Decapoda, Pleocyemata) as derived from the morphology of the gastric mill |volume=77 |issue=9 |pages=1117–1129 |doi=10.1163/1568540042900268 |jstor=20107419}} 3 : Thalassinidea|Edible crustaceans|Extant Miocene first appearances |
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