“Thames Water”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Thames Water is responsible for a range of water management infrastructure projects including: the Thames Water Ring Main around London; the Lee Tunnel;^[4] Europe's largest wastewater treatment works ^[5] and the UK's first large-scale desalination plant, both at Beckton. Thames Water awarded Bazalgette Tunnel Ltd the contract to build the £4.2 billion London Tideway Tunnel ^[6]^[7] Infrastructure proposals by Thames Water include the proposed reservoir at Abingdon, Oxfordshire, which would be the largest enclosed or bunded reservoir in the UK.^[8]

Thames Water is regulated under the Water Industry Act 1991 and is owned by Kemble Water Holdings Ltd, a consortium formed in late 2006 and formerly owned by Australian-based Macquarie Group's European Infrastructure Funds specifically for the purpose of purchasing Thames Water. Currently the largest shareholders are Canadian pensions group OMERS (23%),^[9] BT Pension Scheme (13%),^[10] the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (9.9%),^[11] the China Investment Corporation (8.7%)^[12] and the Kuwait Investment Authority (8.5%).^[13] The name of the company reflects its role providing water to the drainage basin of the River Thames and not the source of its water, which is taken from a range of rivers and boreholes.

In March 2017 a judge imposed a record fine of £20.3m on Thames Water after large leaks of untreated sewage, totalling 1.4bn litres, occurred over a number of years.^[14]

History

Origins

Thames Water can trace its history back the building of the New River, from 1609 to 1612, which channelled fresh water from Hertfordshire to the New River Head in Islington. The business of the New River was taken over by the New River Company, officially founded by royal charter in 1619, under the leadership of Edmund Colthurst and Hugh Myddelton. Although earlier water companies existed providing fresh water to London, the New River Company is the earliest direct ancestor of Thames Water today.

During the 1850s, Dr John Snow and William Farr's identification of the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak provided a stimulus to the better treatment of sewage. The Thames Conservancy was established in 1857 with unified control over water supply, drainage and navigation. The Great Stink occurred in 1858, and focussed government and public opinion on cleaning up the Thames. Joseph Bazalgette's remediation of The Great Stink provided the company with much of London's present Victorian sewerage infrastructure and several listed buildings within its portfolio of sites.

In 1904 The New River Company and eight other water companies serving London were taken into public ownership under control of the newly-founded

In 1973 the Metropolitan Water Board and the Thames Conservancy were taken over by the Thames Water Authority, under the terms of the Water Act 1973, along with the following water companies outside the historical boundaries of London:^[15]

Privatisation and listing

In 1989, the responsibility for navigation, regulatory, river and channels management inherited from the Thames Conservancy, was transferred to the National Rivers Authority which later became part of the Environment Agency.^[16] The remainder of Thames Water Authority was privatised as Thames Water Utilities Limited. The company became listed on the London Stock Exchange and was a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.

Following international expansion, Thames Water became the world's third largest water company in 1995.^[17]

Takeovers

Thames Water plc was acquired by the German utility company RWE in 2001.^[18] As well as its British operations, it continued as an international water treatment consultancy and acquired further overseas operations.

On 17 October 2006, following several years of criticism about failed leakage targets in the UK, RWE announced it would sell Thames Water for £8 billion to Kemble Water Holdings Ltd, a consortium led by the Australian Macquarie Group.^[19] In December 2006, the sale of Thames Water's British operation went ahead, with RWE keeping the overseas operations.^[20]

Under the new ownership, the company re-focused its efforts on improving its operational performance and in 2007 announced the largest-ever capital investment programme (£1 billion p.a.) of any UK water company.^[21]

In 2012 some of the company's stock was acquired by the BT Pension Scheme (13%), the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (9.9%) and the China Investment Corporation (8.7%).| Thames Water was a Tier Three sponsor of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.^[22]

Recent years

In 2017, under the Government's Open Water programme, and in common with all Water and Sewerage companies,^[23] Thames Water must provide entirely separate Retail and Wholesale operations for its commercial customers, working through a central Market Operator.

On 14 March 2017, Macquarie Group sold its remaining stake in Thames Water's holding company to OMERS and the Kuwait Investment Authority.^[24]

Finance

Since 2007, it has made capital investments at least £1 billion a year in its infrastructure – the largest such annual investment within the UK water industry. In 2015–2016, this figure was £1.2 billion.^[2] This level of investment has allowed the company to defer, but not avoid, substantial portions of its corporation tax liability in line with UK tax law.^[26]^[27]

Performance

Every day, Thames Water abstracts / extracts, treats and supplies {{convert|2.6|e9l|e6impgal|abbr=off}} of potable tap water from 100 water treatment works via 288 clean water pumping stations through {{convert|31,100|km|abbr=on}} of managed water mains to 9 million customers (3.6 million properties) across London and the Thames Valley.^[28] It maintains 30 raw water reservoirs and 235 underground service reservoirs.^[2] As well as direct customers, Thames Water supplies bulk clean water to some inset companies. Other inset companies maintain their own independent means of supply.

Likewise, it daily removes, treats and disposes {{convert|4.4|e9l|e6impgal|abbr=off}} of wastewater from 15 million customers (5.1 million properties) using 2530 sewage pumping stations through {{convert|109,400|km|mi|abbr=on}} of managed sewerage mains to 348 sewage treatment works across an area of {{convert|13,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} of South England.^[28] On 1 October 2011, it adopted {{convert|40,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} - an additional 60% - of private sewers and lateral drains to add to its then stock of {{convert|68,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} giving a new network of {{convert|108,000|km|mi|abbr=on}}. By 2015, this figure had grown to {{convert|109,400|km|mi|abbr=on}} managed sewerage mains. Before 1 October 2016, it is obliged to adopt 5,000+ private sewage pumping stations to add to its current stock of 2530 managed sewage pumping stations ^[2]^[29] Again, Thames Water treats and disposes bulk sewage on behalf of some inset companies.

Thames Water produces biosolid fertiliser as a by-product from the waste treatment, and supplies this to local farms.

It also recovers phosphates – an increasingly important source of a dwindling naturally occurring mineral.

Health and safety

In December 2014 Thames Water pleaded guilty to a charge under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 after the death at work of one of its workers. They were fined £300,000 with £61,000 prosecution costs. The incident occurred at their Coppermill Water Treatment Works in Walthamstow, London E17 in April 2010 when an excavator reversed over and killed the worker in a slow sand filter. The prosecution followed an investigation by the Health and Safety Executive.^[33]

Leakage

2001–06 (RWE's ownership)

Thames Water was repeatedly criticised for the amount of water that leaked from its pipes by the industry regulator Ofwat and was fined for this.

In May 2006 the leakage was nearly {{convert|900|e6l|e6impgal|abbr=off}} per day and in June that year Thames Water missed its target for leakage reduction for the third year in a row.^[34] The Consumer Council for Water, a customers' group, accused Thames Water for continuing to miss their targets for the past five years. In July 2006, instead of a fine which would have gone "to the exchequer", the company was required to spend an extra £150 million on repairs.^[35]

Since 2007 (Kemble's ownership)

Thames Water has hit its Ofwat-agreed annual leakage-reduction target for the past ten years running (2006 to 2016).^[2]

In 2006–07, the company stated that it had reduced its daily loss through leaks by {{convert|120|e6l|e6impgal|abbr=off}} to an average of {{convert|695|e6l|e6impgal|abbr=off}} per day.^[36] For 2009–10 the Ofwat-reported daily leakage was {{convert|668.9|e6l|e6impgal|abbr=off}}.^[37] In its price control determination for the period 2010 to 2015, Ofwat did not allow the funds needed to finance a significant further reduction in leakage and used the assumption that daily leakage would be {{convert|674|e6l|e6impgal|abbr=off}} in 2010–11 and {{convert|673|e6l|e6impgal|abbr=off}} from 2011 to 2012.^[38] In 2011–12, actual daily leakage was {{convert|637|e6l|e6impgal|abbr=on}}; in 2012–13, {{convert|646|e6l|e6impgal|abbr=on}}; in 2013–14, {{convert|644|e6l|e6impgal|abbr=on}}; in 2014–2015, {{convert|654|e6l|e6impgal|abbr=on}}; in 2015–2016, {{convert|642|e6l|e6impgal|abbr=on}}.^[2]

replacing {{convert|2736|km|abbr=on}} of worn-out Victorian pipes, mainly under London

The recent successes in meeting leakage targets have mitigated the earlier failures to meet targets. As a result, and in spite of a larger distribution network, Thames Water now leaks slightly less water than at privatisation in 1989, having reduced leakage from its {{convert|31,100|km|abbr=on}} network of water pipes by more than a third since its 2004 peak to its current lowest-ever level.^[39] {{Asof|2013}} and with an older network profile, Thames Water leaked 25.8%^[40] of supply, slightly less than Severn Trent at 27%.^[41] {{Asof|2015}} Thames Water leaked 25.1% of supply.^[42]

In June 2018 regulators made Thames Water pay £65 milion to customers among other problems because they failed to fix leaks.^[43]

Pollution

In the period 2005–13 Thames Water was the most heavily fined water company in the UK for pollution incidents, paying £842,500 for 87 events. In 2016, it paid the largest fine for a single pollution incident of £1 million.^[44] In March 2017, Thames Water was fined a record £20.3 million after it pumped nearly 1.5 billion litres of untreated sewage into the River Thames.^[14] The company also admitted other water pollution and offences in Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire.^[45] In awarding the fine, Judge Francis Sheridan noted the company's "continual failure to report incidents" and "history of non-compliance", saying: "This is a shocking and disgraceful state of affairs. It should not be cheaper to offend than to take appropriate precautions. I have to make the fine sufficiently large that [Thames Water] get the message", adding that, "One has to get the message across to the shareholders that the environment is to be treasured and protected, and not poisoned."^[14]

Conversely, in 2014, Thames Water admitted that it had accidentally over-reported the number of properties at high risk of sewage flooding between 2005 and 2010. It agreed to a compensation package for customers of £86 million.^[46]

Other incidents

In September 2007, {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} of the River Wandle, Greater London was polluted. In January 2009, Thames Water pleaded guilty at Sutton Magistrates Court, and was subsequently fined £125,000 at Croydon Crown Court and ordered to pay £21,335 in clean-up and investigation costs.^[47] In February 2010, on appeal, the fine was found to be "manifestly excessive" and was reduced to £50,000.^[48]

On 5–8 June 2011, more than {{convert|230,000|m3|e6ft3|abbr=off}}, or 230,000 tonnes, of sewage were released from Mogden Sewage Treatment works, killing 26,000 fish.^[49]

Between 14 and 16 August 2011, Thames Water polluted the Faringdon Stream, in Faringdon, Oxfordshire. The company was fined £10,000 and ordered to pay costs of £4,488 ^[50]

On 29 October 2011, Thames Water released thousands of tonnes of raw sewage into the River Crane, Greater London killing thousands of fish, when a six-tonne valve jammed during routine maintenance. Despite tankering and alternative routing, the volume of sewage from Heathrow overwhelmed the operations. Thames Anglers Conservancy's Robin Vernon said: “It will take a decade to repair all the damage done by the sewage spill. Everything in there is just dead now.”^[51] In 2013, fungus and slime in the River Crane was attributed to runoff of de-icer from Heathrow getting into the river ^[52] In 2014, Thames Water blamed recent pollution on fat poured down drains by local customers.^[53]

On 9 December 2011, Thames Water was fined £60,000 after releasing sewage sludge into the Foudry Brook killing up to 20,000 fish in a three-mile stretch from Silchester, Hampshire.^[54]

In September 2012, clogged-up pumps caused sewage to be released into the Chase Brook, near Newbury. A £250,000 fine imposed in August 2014 was adjudged "lenient" on appeal in 2015. The pumps were replaced by improved pumps.^[55]

In January 2016, Thames Water was fined a record £1m for polluting the Grand Union Canal between July 2012 and April 2013 in Hertfordshire. In addition, it was required to pay costs of £18,000 and a victim surcharge of £120. In its defence, Thames Water said it had spent £30,000 replacing equipment at Tring.^[44]

On Christmas Day 2016, the Thames Water Hampton pump failed and as a consequence, thousands of Londoners in the TW and W postcode areas were left without water and with a huge strain on their Christmas festivities.

In December 2018, Thames Water was fined £2m for polluting two brooks near Milton-under-Wychwood in Oxfordshire. On the 8th and 9th of August 2015, raw sewage was discharged into the water, killing 150 fish. It was also forced to pay legal costs of £79,991.57. ^[56]

Local planning

In 2011, the company found itself involved in a controversial redevelopment plan for the Bath Road Reservoir in its home town of Reading. An appeal against Reading Borough Council's rejection of the plan was dismissed by the planning inspector in January 2011.^[57] Full planning permission was subsequently granted on 10 December 2012.^[58]

Flooding

The exceptional rain and weather conditions of 2013–14 caused swollen rivers and several low-lying Thames Water treatment works to be submerged under flood water.

In February 2014, the River Ash caused flooding in homes in Staines-upon-Thames. This flooding was exacerbated by a two-day delay by Surrey County Council's 'Gold Control' flood control group in ordering Thames Water to close a sluice gate on a Thames Water aqueduct. Thames Water considered it had been following an existing protocol agreed with Surrey County Council and the Environment Agency.^[59]

Sheep

Thames Water maintains commercial flocks of sheep on the borders of several of its reservoirs, which are used as the cheapest way to stop large plants growing and damaging the banks.^[60]

Thames Tideway scheme

Over centuries of London's growth from medieval times to the Victorian age, the natural tributary system of the Thames Tideway was converted first into public open sewers and then closed over into covered sewers which emptied directly into the River Thames.^[61] Joseph Bazalgette's remediation of the ensuing 1850s Great Stink renewed much of London's sewerage mains infrastructure during the period 1859 to 1865. However, the new design was not intended to cope with the doubling of London's population over the following 150 years. The concreting of huge amounts of London's green spaces causes substantial rainwater run-off into the drainage and sewerage systems which had been expected to soak into the ground. As a result, even small amounts of rainfall in certain circumstances can cause London's outdated Victorian sewerage system to fail over, and release untreated sewage mixed with rainwater directly into the Thames Tideway.

Each year, on average, there are 50–60 such incidents and a total of {{convert|39|e6m3|e9cuft|abbr=off}}, or 39 million tonnes, is released.^[62] In 2013–14, exceptional weather conditions and flooding caused a total release of {{convert|55|e6m3|e9cuft|abbr=off}}, or 55 million tonnes.^[63] The released effluent follows the ebb and flow of the tidal Thames, and can take up to 3 days to exit the Tideway into the Estuary. For this reason, Thames Water advises against swimming in the Thames Tideway^[64] and, by extension, walking in the tidal strand area. Despite this pollution, large marine mammals are increasingly found in the Thames Tideway and Estuary, indicating some level of year-on-year improvement ^[65]^[66]^[67]

To mitigate and resolve the above problems, the Thames Tideway Scheme proposed a three-stage series of improvements. The first two stages of the improvements were upgrades to 5 sewage treatment works and construction of the {{convert|6.9|km|abbr=on}} Lee Tunnel, formally opened on 28 January 2016.^[4] Together, these are expected to result in an annual discharge reduction of 40%. This is equivalent to a reduction of {{convert|16|e6m3|e6cuft|abbr=off}} or 16 million tonnes per year, down to about {{convert|23|e6m3|e6cuft|abbr=off}} or 23 million tonnes of effluent per year.^[68] The third stage is the {{convert|25|km|abbr=on}} Thames Tideway Tunnel, which was proposed by the Thames Tideway Strategic Study, including Thames Water, as an effective solution to deal with most of the remaining problem. On 12 September 2014, planning consent was formally approved by the UK Government.^[69] On 24 August 2015, the building contracts were awarded for the western section (Ealing to Hammersmith: £416 million, to BAM Nuttall, Morgan Sindall and Balfour Beatty), the central section (Hammersmith to Tower Bridge: £746 million, to Ferrovial Agroman and Laing O'Rourke) and the eastern section (Tower Bridge to Stratford and Greenwich: £605 million, to Costain, Vinci Construction Grands Projets and Bachy Soletanche).^[70] On 3 November 2015, Bazalgette Tunnel Ltd received its operating licence from OFWAT, ensuring the start of the project.^[7]

The necessity for action has added urgency because of imminent water quality fines of up to £1bn by the European Commission on the UK Government.^[71]^[72]

References

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12. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-16643989|title=China wealth fund buys nearly 9% of Thames Water|work=BBC News|date=20 January 2012|accessdate=9 March 2013}}
13. ^https://www.ft.com/content/63ae6f88-08a5-11e7-97d1-5e720a26771b
14. ^¹²{{cite news |last= Carrington |first= Damian | authorlink= |title= Thames Water hit with record £20m fine for huge sewage leaks |url= https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/mar/22/thames-water-hit-with-record-fine-for-huge-sewage-leaks| date= 22 March 2017 |newspaper= The Guardian |location=London| accessdate= 22 March 2017 }}
15. ^The Thames Water Authority Constitution Order 1973
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20. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2949111/Macquarie-buys-Thames-Water-in-andpound8bn-deal.html|title=Macquarie buys Thames Water in £8bn deal|author=Edmund Conway and Ben Harrington | publisher = The Telegraph | date=17 October 2006 | accessdate=9 March 2013 | location=London}}
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22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/olympics/summer-olympics/2012/13132-london-2012-sign-up-thames-water-as-sponsor|title=London 2012 sign up Thames Water as sponsor|first=Duncan|last=Mackay| publisher = insidethegames.biz | date=31 May 2011 | accessdate=9 March 2013}}
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25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/content?id=192dccbd-7145-11e2-86f2-f5a13c2eef0b|title=Average household bills information: 2013–14|website=www.ofwat.gov.uk|publisher=Ofwat - UK Government regulator|accessdate=28 May 2014}}
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37. ^{{cite web | title = Service and delivery – performance of the water companies in England and Wales 2009–10 - Supporting information | publisher = Ofwat | date = 27 October 2010 | page = 46 | url = http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/regulating/reporting/rpt_los_2009-10supinfo.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 12 February 2011}}
38. ^{{cite web | title = Future water and sewerage charges 2010–15: Final determinations | publisher = Ofwat | date = 26 November 2010 | pages = 50–52 | url = http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/pricereview/pr09phase3/det_pr09_finalfull.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 12 February 2011}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/content?id=a7e4cc3b-7a73-11dd-a611-336f22024594&ei=r0gzUZmFNsmS0QW8poG4BQ&usg=AFQjCNGjfuiZLrm0T2q0xAPYMm_YlKXnEw&sig2=ymReH5gUPvQZbbfFkjBIRQ&bvm=bv.43148975,d.d2k|title=Thames Water leakage - explanatory graphs |work=Ofwat|format=PDF|date=|accessdate=9 March 2013}}
40. ^2012/13 figures: {{convert|646|e6l|e6impgal|abbr=on}} daily leakage; {{convert|2.5|e9l|e6impgal|abbr=on}} daily supply
41. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/may/08/water-industry-pipes-scandal|title=The water industry is burying a leaking pipes scandal|first=Fred|last=Pearce|work=The Guardian|date=8 May 2012| accessdate=9 March 2013|location=London}}
42. ^2014–2015 figures: {{convert|654|e6l|e6impgal|abbr=on}} daily leakage; {{convert|2.6|e6l|e6impgal|abbr=on}} daily supply
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