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词条 Thanaka
释义

  1. History

  2. Source and preparation

  3. Application, style and properties

  4. See also

  5. Notes

Thanaka ({{MYname|MY=သနပ်ခါး|MLCTS=sa. nap hka:}}; {{IPA-my|θənəkʰá|pron}}, also spelt thanakha) is a yellowish-white cosmetic paste made from ground bark. It is a distinctive feature of the culture of Myanmar, seen commonly applied to the face and sometimes the arms of women and girls, and is used to a lesser extent also by men and boys.[1][2][3] The use of thanaka has also spread to neighbouring countries including Thailand.[2][3][6]

It is not similar to the Bindi worn by the Indian women orTilaka worn by Indians of either gender.It is similar to Chandan.

History

The earliest literary reference to thanaka is in a 14th-century poem written by King Razadarit's Mon-speaking consort.[4] Mentions of thanaka also exist in the 15th-century literary works of Burmese monk-poet Shin Maharatthasara (1486-1529).[4]

Source and preparation

The wood of several trees may be used to produce thanaka cream; these trees grow abundantly in central Myanmar. They include principally Murraya spp. (thanaka) [2] but also Limonia acidissima (theethee or wood apple).[5] The two most popular are Shwebo thanaka from Sagaing Region and Shinmadaung thanaka from Magway Region. A more recent contender sold as a paste is Taunggyi Maukme thanaka from southern Shan State. Thanaka trees are perennials, and a tree must be at least 35 years old before it is considered mature enough to yield good-quality cuttings. Thanaka in its natural state is sold as small logs individually or in bundles, but nowadays also available as a paste or in powder form.

Thanaka cream is made by grinding the bark, wood, or roots[2] of a thanaka tree with a small amount of water[5] on a circular slate slab called kyauk pyin,[6] which has a channel around the rim for the water to drain into.

Application, style and properties

Thanaka cream has been used by Burmese women for over 2000 years.[6] It has a fragrant scent somewhat similar to sandalwood.[2][7] The creamy paste is applied to the face in attractive designs, the most common form being a circular patch on each cheek, nose, sometimes made stripey with the fingers known as thanaka bè gya, or patterned in the shape of a leaf, often also highlighting the bridge of the nose with it at the same time.[6] It may be applied from head to toe (thanaka chi zoun gaung zoun). Apart from cosmetic beauty, thanaka also gives a cooling sensation and provides protection from sunburn.[1] It is believed to help remove acne and promote smooth skin.[6] It is also an anti-fungal.[2] The active ingredients of thanaka are coumarin and marmesin.[8]

See also

  • Culture of Myanmar
  • Culture of India
  • Hinduism in Myanmar

Notes

1. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htrJvrCw0Y0C&pg=PT74|year=2007|title=Myanmar in Pictures|last=Streissguth|first=Thomas|publisher=Twenty-First Century|isbn=0-8225-7146-3|pages=44, 73|accessdate=2008-01-21}}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVdoUPtqKCIC&pg=PA470|last=Mabberley|first=D J|title=The Plant-Book: A Portable Dictionary of the Vascular Plants|year=1997|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-41421-0|pages=470|accessdate=2008-01-21}}
3. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aK_qFjU60DoC&pg=PA98&sig=I8OW4MIIzLXs44m1h-MLWtdxWxA|author=Kemp, Charles & Lance Andrew Rasbridge|year=2004|title=Refugee and Immigrant Health: A Handbook for Health Professionals|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-53560-3|pages=98|accessdate=2008-01-21}}
4. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=21842|title=Beauty That’s More Than Skin Deep|last=Yeni|date=5 August 2011|work=The Irrawaddy|accessdate=7 August 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806235130/http://irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=21842|archivedate=6 August 2011|df=}}
5. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y42DMkS3ZXUC&pg=PA18&sig=l3ITfdkn7kHn2COMm08PqzO3PDk|author=Köllner, Helmut & Axel Bruns|title=Myanmar (Burma)|year=1998|publisher=Hunter Publishing |ISBN=3-88618-415-3|pages=18|accessdate=2008-01-21}}
6. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|url=http://www.mizzima.com/news/regional/1053-thanaka-withstands-the-tests-of-time.html|title=Thanaka withstands the tests of time|last=Moe|first=J|publisher=Mizzima News, 17 September 2008|accessdate=2008-12-06|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920120939/http://www.mizzima.com/news/regional/1053-thanaka-withstands-the-tests-of-time.html|archivedate=20 September 2008|df=}}
7. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q45NWW-7pQkC&pg=PA24&sig=tXRO_Hrq-DHIBWzr1LC7w5iKM9Q|author=Baker, William & Ira Bruce Nadel |year=2004|title=Redefining the Modern|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |ISBN= 0-8386-4013-3|pages=24|accessdate=2008-01-21}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://notwithoutmylipstick.com/2013/08/22/thanaka/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-10-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211111217/http://notwithoutmylipstick.com/2013/08/22/thanaka/ |archivedate=2013-12-11 |df= }}
{{commons category}}{{cosmetics}}

2 : Burmese culture|Cosmetics
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