| 词条 | Federal Protective Service (United States) |
| 释义 |
| agencyname = Federal Protective Service | nativename = | nativenamea = | nativenamer = | commonname = Federal Protective Service | abbreviation = FPS | patch = Patch of the Federal Protective Service.png | patchcaption = Patch of the U.S. Federal Protective Service | logo = Seal of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Federal Protective Service.png | logocaption = Seal of the U.S. Federal Protective Service | badge = Badge of the United States Federal Protective Service.png | badgecaption = Badge of a U.S. Federal Protective Service officer | flag = Flag of the United States Federal Protective Service.png | flagcaption = Flag of the U.S. Federal Protective Service | imagesize = | motto = "Secure Facilities, Safe Occupants" | mottotranslated = | formedyear = {{start date and age|1971|1}} | formedmonthday = | preceding1 = | dissolved = | superseding = | employees = 1,400 | volunteers = | budget = $1.3 billion (est.) (2013) | nongovernment = | country = United States | countryabbr = | federal = Yes | map = | mapcaption = | sizearea = | sizepopulation = | legaljuris = Throughout the United States, 11 Regions Nationwide, U.S. Government Law Enforcement Interests | governingbody = United States government | governingbodyscnd = | constitution1 = 40 U.S. Code § 1315[1] | speciality = | overviewtype = | overviewbody = | headquarters = United States General Services Administration Building Washington, D.C., U.S. | hqlocmap = | hqlocleft = | hqloctop = | hqlocmappoptitle = | sworntype = | sworn = 900 enforcement personnel | unsworntype = | unsworn = | electeetype = | minister1name = | minister1pfo = Homeland Security | chief1name = L. Eric Patterson | chief1position = Director | chief2name = Richard K. Cline | chief2position = Deputy Director | parentagency = National Protection and Programs Directorate | child1agency = | unittype = | unitname = | officetype = Regional Office, various District Offices within each state | officename = | provideragency = | stationtype = | stations = | airbases = | lockuptype = | lockups = | vehicle1type = | vehicles1 = | boat1type = | boats1 = | aircraft1type = | aircraft1 = | animal1type = K-9 | animals1 = | person1name = | person1reason = | person1type = | programme1 = | activity1name = | activitytype = | anniversary1 = | award1 = | website = https://www.dhs.gov/federal-protective-service | footnotes = | reference = }} The Federal Protective Service (FPS) is the uniformed security police division of the National Protection and Programs Directorate of the United States Department of Homeland Security.[2] FPS is "the federal agency charged with protecting and delivering integrated law enforcement and security services to facilities owned or leased by the General Services Administration (GSA)"—over 9,000 buildings—and their occupants. The FPS is a federal law enforcement agency, and employs approximately 900 law enforcement officers who receive initial training at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC). FPS provides integrated law enforcement and security services to U.S. Federal buildings, courthouses, and other properties administered by the General Services Administration (GSA) and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). To support that mission, FPS contracts with private security firms to provide 13,000 contract Armed Protective Security Officers (PSO) providing access control and security response within federal buildings. These PSOs are not federal law enforcement but private security employees trained by FPS. FPS also protects other properties as authorized and carries out various other activities for the promotion of homeland security as the Secretary of Homeland Security may prescribe, to include providing a uniformed police response to National Security Special Events, and national disasters. The FPS (Federal Protective Service) was formerly a part of the Immigration and Customs Enforcement until October 2009, when it was transferred to the National Protection and Programs Directorate. About the Federal Protective ServiceThe Federal Protective Service is a branch of the National Protection and Programs Directorate and a headquarters component of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). As the police force of the Secretary of Homeland Security, FPS is responsible for policing, securing and ensuring a safe environment in which federal agencies can conduct their business. FPS does this by investigating threats posed against over 9,000 federal facilities nationwide, while being deployed at 2,300 of them.[3] FPS's work focuses directly on the interior security of the nation and the reduction of crimes and potential threats to federal facilities throughout the nation. Uniformed FPS officers/inspectors and special agents respond to calls for assistance, conduct investigations and provide crime prevention tips, as well as assist in occupant emergency planning. All federal facilities under FPS control receive a thorough building security assessment on a recurring schedule. During this assessment representatives of all agencies in the facility are interviewed to gather information on the specific mission they perform within the facility, and intelligence and crime statistics for the area are reviewed, as are existing security countermeasures. Based on the findings and working with the agencies housed in the facility, security countermeasures are added or adjusted. This allows for tailored security for each individual facility versus a one-size-fits-all approach.[4] Services providedPrimary Protective Services
Additional Protective Services
TrainingNewly hired sworn FPS law enforcement personnel undergo initial entry training at the FPS Academy on the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center in Glynco, Georgia. Furthermore, following graduation, new FPS law enforcement officers undergo additional post academy training, as well as career-continuous training, and are assigned to an FPS office in one of eleven regions throughout the country. FPS law enforcement officers also undergo additional training, depending on their assignment to special units within the service.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} History{{Multiple image|direction=horizontal |image1=Patch of the Federal Protective Service (GSA).png |caption1=Former FPS patch, when it was part of the GSA |image2=Badge of the Federal Protective Service (GSA).png |caption2=Former FPS badge, when it was part of the GSA}}{{Multiple image |direction=horizontal |image1=Patch of the Federal Protective Service (ICE).png |caption1=Former FPS patch, when it was part of ICE |image2=Patch of the Federal Protective Service (former).png |caption2=Federal Protective Service's former patch, used before 2008.}} The origins of FPS date to 1790 (a year after the US Marshals Service), with the enactment of the Residence Act, authorizing President George Washington to appoint 3 commissioners to create a federal territory for a permanent seat of federal government. Prior to formal establishment of Washington & the District of Columbia, commissioners hired 6 night watchmen to protect designated buildings the government was intended to occupy. FPS traces its origins to the appointment of these 6 night watchmen.[5] FPS has resided in a number of different agencies over the years. The act of June 1, 1948, authorized the Federal Administrator to appoint special policemen for duty in connection with the policing of all buildings owned and occupied by the United States. In 1949, Congress enacted the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949, which consolidated real property functions within the newly created General Services Administration (GSA). The FPS force, known at the time as the United States Special Police, came under the supervision of the Protection Division of the Public Building Service (PBS). In 1971, the Administrator of GSA signed an order formally establishing the Federal Protective Force, later known as FPS, and the Civil Service Commission authorized the special classification title of Federal Protective Officer (FPO).{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} Initially, the main function of FPS was protection, as an integral part of building operations. For the most part, the force held fixed posts and performed duties that would be considered safety functions today, such as: eliminating fire and safety hazards, patrolling buildings, detecting fires, and providing the first line of defense in fighting fires; and answering visitor questions, assisting citizens, rendering first aid, and directing traffic when necessary.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} By 1960, the mission of FPS had become the first line of defense against bomb threats, bombings, vandalism, mass demonstrations, and violence against Federal buildings.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} In 1980, Fidel Castro instigated a wave of emigration from Cuba to the United States using the harbor town of Mariel for debarkation. The thousands of refugees were eventually distributed to military installations in several states (Fort Chaffee, AR, Fort McCoy, WI, Fort Indiantown Gap, PA) and Puerto Rico to await permanent resettlement. The Immigration and Naturalization Service and Border Patrol were understaffed to provide civilian law enforcement officers needed to maintain order within the installations. The Federal Protective Service, then administratively placed under the General Service Administration's Public Building Service, was among several federal authorities asked to provide additional on-site officers for the duration of the event. Federal Protective Officers from across the country frequently served in the camps, and also during the riot at Fort Chaffee.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} More recently, the role of the FPS officer has undergone further changes. The FPS has shifted its emphasis from the fixed guard post concept of security to a mobile police patrol and response. FPS contracts private security companies to guard fixed posts. FPS officers perform all duties attendant to the normal interpretation of a police officer function including maintaining law and order, preventing or deterring disturbances, and investigating both felonies and misdemeanors. The Civil Service Commission developed standards for FPS applicants, which included background investigations, and physical examinations.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} 21st centuryPursuant to the Homeland Security Act of 2002, FPS was transferred to the Department of Homeland Security and retained its responsibilities for protecting the buildings, grounds, and property owned, occupied, or secured by the federal government under GSA's jurisdiction. In addition to GSA facilities, the Act also provides FPS with the authority to protect properties held by DHS components that were not under GSA jurisdiction. FPS was moved from GSA, Public Building Services, to DHS, effective March 1, 2003. Within DHS, FPS became a part of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). On October 28, 2009, President Barack Obama signed legislation which transferred FPS from ICE to the National Protection and Programs Directorate (NPPD) of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Today, FPS is responsible for policing, securing, and ensuring a safe environment in which federal agencies can conduct business by reducing threats posed against approximately 9,000 Federal government facilities throughout the United States.[6] On October 28, 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama, signed legislation which effectively transferred the Federal Protective Service from the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement to the National Protection and Programs Directorate of the Department of Homeland Security.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} On 26 December 2007, President George W. Bush signed H.R. 2764 Omnibus spending bill into law which included a provision that FPS maintains, by July 31, 2008, not fewer than 1,200 full-time staff and 900 full-time Police Officers, Inspectors, and Special Agents who, while working, are directly engaged on a daily basis protecting and enforcing laws at Federal buildings.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} This amendment to H.R. 2674 was introduced by Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton and was successfully included in the bill and signed into law largely due to the efforts of the American Federation of Government Employees Local 918-FPS and the grassroots efforts of its membership.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} In March 2008, Rep. Eleanor Holmes Norton, chair of the responsible subcommittee, said, "We're seeing the near collapse of the Federal Protective Service". A GAO report, which included incidents that occurred before H.R. 2764 passed, documented lapses that had occurred on federal government property, including the theft of a trailer of surveillance equipment from an FBI parking deck. A GAO investigator said that budget cuts were causing reduced effectiveness. The service has seen its budget and staff cut since it became a part of the Department of Homeland Security in March 2003.[7] In 2009, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) and the Inspector General for the Department of Homeland Security issued reports that were highly critical of the Federal Protective Service for relying on low-wage contract personnel to provide security at federal buildings. See GAO-09-0859T and [https://web.archive.org/web/20110813204917/http://www.dhs.gov/xoig/assets/mgmtrpts/OIG_09-51_Apr09.pdf OIG-09-51]. Both documented that the contractors lacked the necessary skills or training to handle their duties, which threatened the security of all federal employees and visitors. The GAO report made national headlines in July 2009 as it cited frequent lapses, including failure to prevent investigators from carrying weapons into several key federal installations. It also displayed a photograph of a contract security guard asleep at his guard post. JurisdictionFPS law enforcement personnel derive their law enforcement authority from Section 1315 of Title 40 (40 USC 1315) of the United States Code.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} 40 USC 1315: The Secretary may designate employees of the Department of Homeland Security, including employees transferred to the Department from the Office of the Federal Protective Service of the General Services Administration pursuant to the Homeland Security Act of 2002, as officers and agents for duty in connection with the protection of property owned or occupied by the Federal Government and persons on the property, including duty in areas outside the property to the extent necessary to protect the property and persons on the property.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} Powers. - While engaged in the performance of official duties, an officer or agent designated under this subsection may - (A) enforce Federal laws and regulations for the protection of persons and property; (B) carry firearms; (C) make arrests without a warrant or in plain clothes and in unmarked cars for any offense against the United States committed in the presence of the officer or agent or for any felony cognizable under the laws of the United States if the officer or agent has reasonable grounds to believe that the person to be arrested has committed or is committing a felony; (D) serve warrants and subpoenas issued under the authority of the United States; (E) conduct investigations, on and off the property in question, of offenses that may have been committed against property owned or occupied by the Federal Government or persons on the property; and (F) carry out such other activities for the promotion of homeland security as the Secretary may prescribe.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} Labor organizationThe American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE) National Local 918 is the exclusive representative of all bargaining unit eligible Federal Protective Service employees which includes non-supervisory Police Officers, Inspectors, Special Agents and support personnel. Citation: AFGE NL#918 Protective Investigations ProgramThe Protective Investigations Program was established in early 2004, to ensure the safety of DHS and FPS protectees and facilities. The objective of the program is to prevent an attack on persons and facilities designated as FPS protectees.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} The program integrates the following aspects of the FPS mission: the initial patrol response by FPS uniformed police officers; full investigation by FPS special agents; prosecution by the U.S. Attorney's Office or State Prosecutor's Office; physical security enhancements and countermeasures; security briefings and workplace violence seminars administered by FPS law enforcement personnel; suspicious surveillance detection initiatives designed to detect pre-incident indicators of threats to federal employees, facilities and protectees; a monthly Operations Security Bulletin; and protection details for high-ranking officials within DHS. FPS Headquarters developed a Memorandum of Understanding, in collaboration with the U.S. Capitol Police, enabling the two entities to use each other's resources to effectively, efficiently and professionally respond to and investigate threats and inappropriate communications directed at members of Congress, their families and staff when outside the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. FPS collaborates with other components within DHS and has established liaisons with agencies having a protective and investigative mission such as the U.S. Secret Service—National Threat Assessment Center, Social Security Administration (SSA), U.S. Marshals Service, FBI, U.S. Postal Inspection Service and various state and local police agencies throughout the country.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} FPS special agents have made arrests and conducted investigations of subjects charged with making inappropriate communications and threats to members of the U.S. Congress (House and Senate) and/or their staff, the director of Federal Emergency Management Agency, FPS Director, members of the military reserve, SSA, the Department of Veteran Affairs and other federal employees. Many of these investigations resulted in convictions for making threats to do physical harm and threats to bomb federal facilities. FPS special agents investigated threats delivered in person, via telephone, e-mail and U.S. Postal Service mail.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} FPS special agents also oversee an outreach program designed to educate the community and tenant agencies and provide them with a point of contact to report suspicious behavior and incidents that threaten FPS protectees, facilities, and/or visitors.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} Explosive Detection Dog TeamsThe mission of the Explosive Detector Dog (EDD) Teams is the protection of life and property and providing a strong visible and psychological deterrence against criminal and terrorist acts. Prior to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the FPS had a minimal program of 10 EDD Teams located in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. Since that time, the FPS EDD program has expanded to more than 60 teams nationwide.[8] The EDD Teams conduct routine explosive searches of office areas, vehicles, materials, packages and persons housed in federally owned or leased facilities. The EDD Teams respond to bomb threats and suspicious packages or items and are used to assist in clearing identified areas.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} DeploymentThe FPS EDD Teams are deployed in their area of assignment as well as frequent deployment to National Special Security Events such as the Olympic games, the Republican and Democratic National Conventions, and the G-8 Summit. The EDD Teams provide their vital capabilities to state and local law enforcement authorities under emergency conditions when local EDD Teams are unavailable.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} TrainingThe FPS Canine Training Academy is located in Fort McClellan, Alabama, and is conducted in partnership with the Auburn University Canine Detection Training Center. Each handler and respective canine attends the mandatory 10-week EDD Handler Training Course. The handlers and their canine partners graduate from the course as a team.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} The EDD Teams are on call 24 hours a day and serve a crucial role as part of a greater network of first responders in a growing national network of federal task force officers.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} Hazardous Response ProgramThe FPS Hazardous Response Program (HRP) was created to support the mission of FPS in response to credible chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and high yield explosive (CBRNE) threats or incidents.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} HRP includes initial investigations of suspicious or threatening CBRNE incidents; completion of CBRNE threat assessments; confirmations of unauthorized presence of CBRNE agents and materials; and the conduction of emergency operations. HRP also provides: evacuation support during CBRNE incidents and some training assistance. The program is compliant with OSHA and NFPA guidance and regulations. The HRP consists of five main elements: Awareness, Prevention, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} MegaCentersIn 2000, FPS transitioned all alarm monitoring and dispatching capabilities from several regional control centers to 4 MegaCenters. Currently, each MegaCenter monitors multiple types of alarm systems, closed circuit television and wireless dispatch communications within federal facilities throughout the entire nation. The centers located in Battle Creek, Michigan, Denver, Colorado, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Suitland, Maryland, are equipped with state-of-the-art communication systems and in operation 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} The centers are fully redundant—if there is a partial or catastrophic failure at one center, all operations can be remotely switched and monitored at a "peer" location without disruption to field service.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} Vital communications linkWhile the MegaCenters are an alarm monitoring entity, they also serve as a unique and vital communications link between FPS law enforcement personnel on the street and contract Protective Security Officers (PSOs) located throughout the various facilities FPS protects. This vital communications link has been created as a result of the investment of millions of dollars to ensure effective communications and safety of FPS operations. The related alarm monitoring function for GSA and other federally owned and leased facilities provides a dedicated and specialized service to ensure prompt dispatch of law enforcement and emergency first responders to situations at those facilities nationwide. FPS MegaCenters are the 911 dispatch center for DHS.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} National networkPresently, FPS MegaCenters have a national wireless communication network that uses a voice-over-internet protocol system that transmits over a wide-area network. This form of communication reduces recurring long line costs, ensures redundancy and is set up to provide fail over capability in the event of a scheduled or unscheduled outage. Considering the success of the FPS national wireless radio communication system, FPS is working with ICE and DHS to see if opportunities exist for FPS to extend this service to other DHS components.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} The futureThe FPS is working on several projects that range from access control/Smart Card management to rapid deployment capabilities in disaster situations.[9] FPS is continually evaluating cutting edge technology that can enhance its capabilities to protect the U.S.[9] Home and Family SecurityFederal Protective Service (FPS) protects federal buildings and the employees within them through measures such as risk assessment, security and surveillance support, and safety education. In addition, FPS performs several roles that assist the general public. One of these roles is to keep the public safe while in a federal building. This includes training federal building employees on what procedures to follow when a child is reported missing.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} On April 30, of the year it was conceived, the Code Adam Act of 2003 became a law. The act is named in the memory of six-year-old Adam Walsh, whose abduction from a Florida shopping mall and murder in 1981 helped to bring child abduction to national attention.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} The Code Adam Alert requires that the designated authority for a public building establish procedures for a child missing in a federal facility.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} On November 1 of 2003, the Department of Homeland Security Federal Protective Service (FPS) implemented a policy nationwide, establishing procedures for locating a missing child in federal facilities. The General Services Administration administers the program in both owned and leased federal facilities. Topics include home and family security, how to avoid rape and sexual assault, theft in the workplace, and travel security.{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} See also{{Portal|United States|Law enforcement/Law enforcement topics}}
References1. ^https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/40/1315 2. ^{{cite web|title=Organization Chart|url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/NPPD-Organization-Chart-03122014.pdf|publisher=Department of Homeland Security|accessdate=6 July 2014}} 3. ^{{cite book|last1=Goldstein|first1=Mark L.|title=Preliminary Results Show Federal Protective Service's Ability to Protect Federal Facilities Is Hampered By Weaknesses in Its Contract Security Guard Program|date=July 2009|publisher=General Accounting Office|page=1|url=http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09859t.pdf|accessdate=2 December 2014}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite web|title=Mission|url=https://www.dhs.gov/federal-protective-service-0|publisher=Department of Homeland Security|accessdate=6 July 2014}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Committee Reports 106th Congress (1999-2000) House Report 106-676|url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/?&dbname=cp106&sid=cp106s2gpt&refer=&r_n=hr676.106&item=&sel=TOC_9787&|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=2 December 2014}} 6. ^Cost and duration of FPS transition were underestimated {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328115853/http://www.fiercehomelandsecurity.com/story/cost-and-duration-fps-transition-were-underestimated/2011-08-16 |date=2012-03-28 }}. FierceHomelandSecurity (2011-08-16). Retrieved on 2013-07-23. 7. ^Lawmaker: U.S. security agency faltering. CNN.com (2008-03-14). Retrieved on 2013-07-23. 8. ^{{cite web|title=ICE Fiscal Year 2006 Annual Report, Protecting National Security and Upholding Public Safety|url=https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=477442|publisher=U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement|accessdate=2 December 2014|page=39}} 9. ^1 {{cite web|title=MegaCenters|url=https://www.dhs.gov/megacenters|publisher=Department of Homeland Security (U.S. Government)|accessdate=2 December 2014}} External links{{commons category|United States Federal Protective Service}}Official:
Others:
6 : 1971 establishments in Washington, D.C.|Government agencies established in 1971|Law enforcement agencies of the District of Columbia|Protective security units|Organizations based in Washington, D.C.|United States Department of Homeland Security |
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