| 词条 | Federal republic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
A federal republic is a federation of states with a republican form of government.[1] At its core, the literal meaning of the word republic when used to reference a form of government means: "a country that is governed by elected representatives and by an elected leader (such as a president) rather than by a king or queen". In a federal republic, there is a division of powers between the federal government, and the government of the individual subdivisions. While each federal republic manages this division of powers differently, common matters relating to security and defence, and monetary policy are usually handled at the federal level, while matters such as infrastructure maintenance and education policy are usually handled at the regional or local level. However, views differ on what issues should be a federal competence, and subdivisions usually have sovereignty in some matters where the federal government does not have jurisdiction. A federal republic is thus best defined in contrast to a unitary republic, whereby the central government has complete sovereignty over all aspects of political life. This more decentralized structure helps to explain the tendency for more populous countries to operate as federal republics.[2] Most federal republics codify the division of powers between orders of government in a written constitutional document. The political differences between a federal republic and other federal states, especially federal monarchies under a parliamentary system of government, are largely a matter of legal form rather than political substance, as most federal states are democratic in structure if not practice with checks and balances. However, some federal monarchies, such as the United Arab Emirates are based upon principles other than democracy. Contemporary
Historic
See also
Notes and references1. ^{{cite web|title=republic|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/republic}} 2. ^Forum of Federations: , Schram, Sanford. Handbook of Federal Countries: United States, pg 373–391, 2005. 3. ^CIA World Factbook: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/au.html Austria], 14 May 2009 4. ^CIA World Factbook: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bk.html Bosnia and Herzegovina], 14 May 2009 5. ^CIA World Factbook: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html Brazil], 14 May 2009 6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constitui%C3%A7ao.htm|title=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constitui%C3%A7ao.htm|website=planalto.gov.br|access-date=2018-05-04}} 7. ^CIA World Factbook: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/et.html Ethiopia], 14 May 2009 8. ^CIA World Factbook: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gm.html Germany], 14 May 2009 9. ^CIA World Factbook: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html India], 14 May 2009 10. ^CIA World Factbook: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html Mexico], 14 May 2009 11. ^CIA World Factbook: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/np.html Nepal], 14 May 2009 12. ^CIA World Factbook: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html Nigeria], 14 May 2009 13. ^CIA World Factbook: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html Pakistan], 14 May 2009 14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Russia_2014|title=Text of the Russian constitution in English|publisher=Constituteproject.org}} 15. ^CIA World Factbook: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sz.html Switzerland], 14 May 2009 16. ^CIA World Factbook: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html United States], 14 May 2009 17. ^CIA World Factbook: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ve.html Venezuela], 14 May 2009 18. ^Government continued as a unitary state on sovereignty undetermined Taiwan. 19. ^1 {{Cite web |url=http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/1991/world91b.txt |title=The CIA World Factbook officially dated October 15, 1991 |access-date=2011-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511092520/http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/1991/world91b.txt |archive-date=2011-05-11 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 20. ^The states lived on until a final treaty in 1956 in which Republic of South Maluku and the State of Eastern Sumatra agreed to devolve into the Republic of Indonesia.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} External links{{Autonomous types of first-tier administration}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Federal republic}} 4 : Federal republics|Federalism|Forms of government|Republicanism |
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