| 词条 | Thayer's gull |
| 释义 |
| name = Thayer's gull | image = THGUc.jpg | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Larus | species = glaucoides | subspecies=thayeri | authority = Brooks, WS, 1915 | synonyms = Larus thayeri }} Thayer's gull (Larus glaucoides thayeri) is a subspecies of the Iceland gull. It is a large gull native to North America that breeds in the Arctic islands of Canada and winters primarily on the Pacific coast, from southern Alaska to the Gulf of California, though there are also wintering populations on the Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi River. The species has occurred as a vagrant to Japan, Denmark, and other parts of western Europe. Somewhat intermediate between American herring gull and Iceland gull in habit and appearance and at times considered conspecific with either species, the adult Thayer's gull in nonbreeding plumage has a pale gray mantle, with obvious blackish wingtips, and extensive brown streaking on the head and neck. The head, neck, breast, belly, and underwings are primarily white, and the legs are pink. There is a red spot on the lower mandible, and the color of the iris is generally dark. In summer, the head and neck are white, with the bill turning bright yellow with a larger red spot on the lower mandible. Juvenile gulls are brown, with black bills, and black legs which quickly fade to adult pink. Thayer's Gull reaches a length of {{convert|56|to|64|cm|in|abbr=on}}, with a wingspan of {{convert|130|to|148|cm|in|abbr=on}} and a weight of approximately {{convert|720|to|1500|g|lb|abbr=on}}.[2][3][4] Males average around {{convert|1093|g|lb|abbr=on}} and females, being slightly smaller, average {{convert|900|g|lb|abbr=on}}.[5] Among standard measurements, the wing chord is {{convert|38.4|to|44.2|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the bill is {{convert|4.4|to|5.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} and the tarsus is {{convert|5.2|to|6.9|cm|in|abbr=on}}.[3] During winter, it is found in small numbers among mixed flocks of large gulls, though it may gather in large numbers in certain locations. In summer, it is found on the tundra of high Arctic islands. These gulls with lay 3 bluish or greenish eggs in nests lined with grass, moss or lichens. Their voice consists of mostly mewing and squealing notes. There is continuing debate about the taxonomic status of this species, and some authorities consider Thayer's gull to be the dark-mantled form of Iceland gull, with Kumlien's gull (variously treated as a subspecies of either Thayer's or Iceland gulls) as an intermediate example, forming a cline rather than separate species. The American Ornithologists' Union considered Thayer's gull a subspecies of American herring gull from 1917 until 1973, when they determined it was a separate species from herring gull. After numerous papers had been written suggesting downgrading this species to a subspecies or even a morph of Iceland gull, the American Ornithologists' Union invalidated the Thayer's gull as a full species in the 2017 annual supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union checklist.[6] Thayer's gull is now considered a subspecies of Iceland Gull.[7] The verdict was based on geographic location of breeding populations rather than objective genetic evidence, and thus the lump was received negatively by some. It is possible that proposals to resplit Thayer's gull and Iceland gull will be submitted to the American Ornithologists' Union in the future. The British Ornithologists' Union follows the publication Birds of North America in lumping the three (thayeri, kumlieni, and glaucoides) as forms of Iceland gull. Both the common and species names honor ornithologist John Eliot Thayer, and so the first part of its name is pronounced "THAY-erz". References1. ^{{IUCN|id=22728995 |title=Larus thayeri |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}} 2. ^{{cite book |title=Handbook of the Birds of the World |last1=del Hoyo |first1=J | last2=Elliot | first2 = A | last3=Sargatal | first3 = J | year=1996 |publisher=Lynx Edicions |location=Barcelona |isbn=84-87334-20-2|volume=3}} 3. ^1 Gulls: Of North America, Europe, and Asia by Klaus Malling Olsen & Hans Larsson. Princeton University Press (2004). {{ISBN|978-0691119977}}. 4. ^Harrison, Peter, Seabirds: An Identification Guide. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (1991), {{ISBN|978-0-395-60291-1}} 5. ^CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), {{ISBN|978-0-8493-4258-5}}. 6. ^{{cite journal| last1=Chesser | first1=R. Terry | last2=Burns | first2=Kevin J. | last3=Cicero | first3=Carla | last4=Dunn | first4=John L. | last5=Kratter | first5=Andrew W | last6=Lovette | first6=Irby J | last7=Rasmussen | first7=Pamela C. | last8=Remsen | first8=J.V. Jr | last9=Rising | first9=James D. | last10=Stotz | first10=Douglas F. | last11=Winker | first11=Kevin | year=2017 | title=Fifty-eighth supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds |journal=The Auk |volume=134 | issue=3 |pages=751–773 |doi=10.1642/AUK-17-72.1 | doi-access=free | url=https://zenodo.org/record/1236363/files/article.pdf }} 7. ^{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2017 | title=Coursers, noddies, gulls, terns, auks & sandgrouse | work=World Bird List Version 7.3 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/coursers/| publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | accessdate=2 August 2017 }} }}
External links
4 : Larus|Birds of North America|Birds of Mexico|Birds described in 1915 |
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