| 词条 | The Art of Noises | |||||
| 释义 |
The evolution of soundRussolo's essay explores the origins of man made sounds. "Ancient life was all silence"Russolo states that "noise" first came into existence as the result of 19th century machines. Before this time the world was a quiet, if not silent, place. With the exception of storms, waterfalls, and tectonic activity, the noise that did punctuate this silence were not loud, prolonged, or varied. Early soundsHe notes that the earliest "music" was very simplistic and was created with very simple instruments, and that many early civilizations considered the secrets of music sacred and reserved it for rites and rituals. The Greek musical theory was based on the tetrachord mathematics of Pythagoras, which did not allow for any harmonies. Developments and modifications to the Greek musical system were made during the Middle Ages, which led to music like Gregorian chant. Russolo notes that during this time sounds were still narrowly seen as "unfolding in time."[3] The chord did not yet exist. "The complete sound"Russolo refers to the chord as the "complete sound,"[3] the conception of various parts that make and are subordinate to the whole. He notes that chords developed gradually, first moving from the "consonant triad to the consistent and complicated dissonances that characterize contemporary music."[3] He notes that while early music tried to create sweet and pure sounds, it progressively grew more and more complex, with musicians seeking to create new and more dissonant chords. This, he says, comes ever closer to the "noise-sound."[3] Musical noiseRussolo compares the evolution of music to the multiplication of machinery, pointing out that our once desolate sound environment has become increasingly filled with the noise of machines, encouraging musicians to create a more "complicated polyphony"[3] in order to provoke emotion and stir our sensibilities. He notes that music has been developing towards a more complicated polyphony by seeking greater variety in timbres and tone colors. Noise-SoundsRussolo explains how "musical sound is too limited in its variety of timbres."[3] He breaks the timbres of an orchestra down into four basic categories: bowed instruments, metal winds, wood winds, and percussion. He says that we must "break out of this limited circle of sound and conquer the infinite variety of noise-sounds,"[3] and that technology would allow us to manipulate noises in ways that could not have been done with earlier instruments. Future soundsRussolo claims that music has reached a point that no longer has the power to excite or inspire. Even when it is new, he argues, it still sounds old and familiar, leaving the audience "waiting for the extraordinary sensation that never comes."[4] He urges musicians to explore the city with "ears more sensitive than eyes,"[4] listening to the wide array of noises that are often taken for granted, yet (potentially) musical in nature. He feels these noises can be given pitch and "regulated harmonically," while still preserving their irregularity and character, even if it requires assigning multiple pitches to certain noises. The variety of noises is infinite. If today, when we have perhaps a thousand different machines, we can distinguish a thousand different noises, tomorrow, as new machines multiply, we will be able to distinguish ten, twenty, or thirty thousand different noises, not merely in a simply imitative way, but to combine them according to our imagination. [12] Six Families of Noises for the Futurist OrchestraRussolo sees the futurist orchestra drawing its sounds from "six families of noise":[5]
|The original Italian ronzii and crepitii are most easily translated with humming and rubbing respectively, but the connotations these words have in the English language do not fit well with the other sounds in this group; for this reason, alternative translations give more fitting buzzing and scraping.[6] | name = "ronzii"}}
Russolo asserts that these are the most basic and fundamental noises, and that all other noises are only associations and combinations of these. He built a family of instruments, the Intonarumori, to imitate these six kinds of noises. [7] ConclusionsRussolo includes a list of conclusions:
Gallery of WorksMusicians/Artists influenced by The Art of Noises
See also
Bibliography
External links
References1. ^{{Cite book | last = Warner | first = Daniel | last2 = Cox | first2 = CChristoph | title = Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music | publisher = Continiuum International Publishing Group LTD | year = 2004 | location = London | pages = 10–14 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-8264-1615-2 | ref = harv }} {{Futurism (music)}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Art of Noises, The}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{Harv|Warner|Cox|2004|p=10}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{Harv|Warner|Cox|2004|p=11}} 4. ^1 2 {{Harvnb|Warner|Cox|2004|p=12}} 5. ^1 {{Harvnb|Warner|Cox|2004|p=13}} 6. ^1 {{cite web| url = http://www.unknown.nu/futurism/noises.html| title = The Art of Noises (English translation)| author = Luigi Russolo| year = 1916| archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5uY3woYNG| archivedate = 2010-11-27| accessdate = 2010-11-27}} 7. ^http://www.thereminvox.com/article/articleview/116.html 8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.medienkunstnetz.de/source-text/41/|title=Media Art Net {{!}} Source Text|website=www.medienkunstnetz.de|access-date=2016-09-18}} 9. ^{{cite news | first=Paul | last=Morley | coauthors= | title=Techno: the early years | date=2002-07-26 | publisher= | url =https://www.theguardian.com/friday_review/story/0,,762893,00.html | work =The Guardian | pages = | accessdate = 2008-01-13 | language = }} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cartrouble.nl/antmusic/antinfluences.html |title=Ant Influences |accessdate=2008-01-13 |work=Car Trouble }} 11. ^"MonoNeon Bassist, Composer" gruvgear.com. 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.intonarumori.com/ |title=Intonarumori |accessdate=2008-01-14 }} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ubu.com/sound/nigl.html |title=Shout Art }} 14. ^{{Discogs release|174897|name=Material - Intonarumori|type=single}}. Retrieved 2008-01-14. 15. ^Jean-Luc Hervé Berthelot {{fr icon}} 5 : 1916 in music|Experimental music|Futurist music|1916 books|1913 essays |
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