“The Great War (1959 film)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Great War ({{lang-it|La grande guerra}}) is a 1959 Italian comedy-drama war film directed by Mario Monicelli. It tells the story of an odd couple of army buddies in World War I; the movie, while played on a comedic register, does not hide from the viewer the horrors and grimness of trench warfare. Starring Alberto Sordi and Vittorio Gassman and produced by Dino De Laurentiis, the film won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival. Its crew also included Danilo Donati (costumes) and Mario Garbuglia (set designer).

It was an Academy Award nominee as Best Foreign Film.^[1] In 1999 the critics of Ciak magazine chose it as one of the 100 most important films in history. It won huge success outside Italy, especially in France.

Plot

Oreste Jacovacci from Rome and Giovanni Busacca from Milan meet each other during the call to arms at the start of World War I. Although completely different in character, they are united in their lack of idealism and their desire to avoid any danger and get out of the war unscathed. They and a varied group of civilians and fellow soldiers (including the prostitute Costantina, played by Silvana Mangano) go through many ups and downs during their training, battles and rare moments of leave. They are considered "inefficient" due to their limited military valour and so are made message-runners to the staff, a very dangerous job. Having succeeded in their mission, a sudden change in a which-side-hold-which-trench situation leaves them in enemy territory, where they are captured by the Austrians wearing Austrian uniforms they had found in a barn.

They are accused of espionage and condemned to be shot by firing squad. Overcome with fear, they let slip that they are in possession of information crucial to the success of the battle and that they have decided to change sides to save their lives. The Austrian officials' arrogance and a contemptuous joke against the Italians ("...courage?! Liver they say... That those in the know only eat liver with onions, and we'll soon eat that! [referring to the occupation of Venice where the dish is traditional]") give the pair new strength and dignity sufficient to keep the information secret right up until their execution. First Giovanni Busacca refused to give any information and insult the Austrian officer then, when Busacca was sent to face the firing squad, also Jacovacci refused pretending Busacca was the only one to have the information. The battle then ends in an Italian victory, without anyone knowing of the pair's sacrifice.

Cast

Analysis

The film is an ironic account of life in the trenches on the Italian front of World War I and the vicissitudes of a group of comrades fighting there in 1916. It is narrated in a simultaneously neorealist and romantic idiom, combining typical features of Italian comedy with attention to historical detail. One review wrote that it "realises a fusion, in some ways unsurpassed, through criticism dressed as comedy and the perspective of historical criticism capable of dealing with the past with the same lucidity and with the same anti-conformity as that shown by cinema following the eveolution of contemporary Italian society.^[2] Another review stated "Italian comedy was getting to grips with grand cinema and this had to pass through a direct contact with social reality and great labour in psychologically defining character.^[3]

The remarkable crowd scenes are accompanied by acute characterizations of many characters, human and fearful anti-heroes, resigned to their fate in solidarity with each other, united by their enforced participation in a disaster which in the end overwhelms them. Monicelli and his scriptwriters Age & Scarpelli and Luciano Vincenzoni reached the pinnacle of their careers with this film, combining artistic skill with unparalleled fluidity of storytelling, comedy and dramatic tone, and paving the way for a new style of war film. In the citation for an honorary degree from the University of Udine on 30 May 2005, Monicelli was rewarded "for his extraordinary contribution to [public] knowledge of Italian history through his films, particularly 'The Great War'. A master of cinematography and the course of history, but also ... a kind of master ... who taught us things we will remember for a lifetime."^[4]

The short final sequence shows the two main characters redeem themselves by making a small but courageous gesture of sacrifice, one as a "swaggering hero" and the other as a "heroic coward", the latter being Sordi's role, for which he won the Nastro d'Argento for Best Actor. One reviewer wrote:

The reconstruction of wartime life is, from a historical point of view, one of the best contributions by Italian cinema to the study of the First World War. For the first time a representation of that war was purged of the rhetoric of Fascist and Second World War propaganda, which continued the myth of Italy fighting a successful and heroic war, meaning The Great War had problems with the censors and banned for under 18s. One reviewer wrote "Its antirhetorical character brought press reactions right from the start of filming, but its public success contributed more than anything else to the de-mythologising of patriotic and romantic historiography which had always clouded the massacre that was the First World War under the oratory of ardour and sacrifice."^[2] Until then Italian soldiers had always been portrayed as courageous and willing men sacrificing themselves for their country.^[6] The film also denounces the absurdity and violence of the conflict and the miserable living conditions of civilians and soldiers, but also speaks strongly about the friendships which grew up among soldiers from very different classes, cultures and regions of Italy. Forced to live side by side, the soldiers' regional rivalries and provincial nature, never thrown together before for so long, helps to partly form a national spirit that before then was nearly non-existent, in strong contrast to Italy's commanders and institutions, which are shown as the main things to blame for the war.^[7]

Production

The film was born out of an idea by Luciano Vincenzoni, influenced by "Two friends", a story by Guy de Maupassant. Initially thought of as a star vehicle just for Gassman, it was the producer De Laurentiis who decided to add another character, played by Sordi. The screenplay combined characters and situations from two famous books - "A Year on the Plateau" by Emilio Lussu and “Con me e con gli alpini” by Piero Jahier. In an interview, the director himself stated:

The journalist and writer Carlo Salsa, who had actually fought in these areas in the First World War, was a script consultant, helping with the story, dialogue and background, all particularly vivid and original. The scenes were mostly shot in the province of Udine, at Gemona del Friuli, near Venzone, at Sella Sant'Agnese, in the fort at Palmanova and in the Nespoledo district of Lestizza from 25 May to mid June 1959. Other scenes were filmed in Campania at San Pietro Infine.

Awards and nominations

Nominations

Wins

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1960 |title=The 32nd Academy Awards (1960) Nominees and Winners |accessdate=2011-10-27|work=oscars.org}}
2. ^¹{{cite web|title=La Grande Guerra|url=http://www.filmfilm.it/film.asp?idfilm=9121|work=FilmFilm.it|accessdate=3 December 2012}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=La grande guerra|url=http://www.cineclub.it/cineclubnews/cn0205-c.htm|work=Cineclub|accessdate=3 December 2012}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=Monicelli laureato ad honorem dall'università di Udine|url=http://qui.uniud.it/notizieEventi/ateneo/documento.2005-05-30.2893292822|work=Qui|accessdate=3 December 2012|date=27 May 2005}}
5. ^“Alla fine il riscatto sarà tutto per loro, quando la codardia saprà diventare onore e lo spirito d'appartenenza avrà la meglio sull'egoismo, in un finale trionfalmente e ottimisticamente patriottico che però rifugge dal pericolo di scadere nella retorica spicciola, proprio perché suggella, anche solo per una volta, il trionfo della viltà sull'ardore. Forse la loro non fu codardia, ma semplicemente amore per la vita.” Review by Giuseppe Faraci {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504181747/http://www.ilcibicida.com/lagrandeguerra.htm |date=May 4, 2008 }}
6. ^{{cite web|title=La Grande Guerra|url=http://www.pacioli.net/ftp/def/paciolicinemaecineteca/PacioliCinema/3-Film/Film2001/84.htm|work=Pacioli Cinema|publisher=I.T. Luca Pacioli di Crema|accessdate=3 December 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314225953/http://www.pacioli.net/ftp/def/paciolicinemaecineteca/PacioliCinema/3-Film/Film2001/84.htm|archivedate=14 March 2012|df=}}
7. ^{{cite book|last=Sabbatucci|first=Giovanni|title=Storia d'Italia|year=1998|isbn=9788842051770|url=http://www.laterza.it/index.php?option=com_laterza&Itemid=97&task=schedalibro&isbn=9788842051770#|author2=Vittorio Vidotto }}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ilcorto.it/iCorti_AV/1guerramondiale.htm |title=Film italiani sulla Prima Guerra Mondiale - Corti |publisher=www.ilCORTO.it |accessdate=2012-02-19}}