“The Highwaymen (artists)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Highwaymen, also referred to as the Florida Highwaymen, are a group of 26 African American landscape artists in Florida. Taught by Alfred “Beanie” Backus, they created a body of work of over 200,000 paintings, despite facing many racial and cultural barriers.^[1] Mostly from the Fort Pierce area, they painted landscapes and made a living selling them door-to-door to businesses and individuals throughout Florida from the mid-1950s through the 1980s. They also peddled their work from the trunks of their cars along the eastern coastal roads (A1A and US 1).

For over 50 years The Highwaymen created large numbers of relatively inexpensive landscape paintings using construction materials rather than traditional art supplies. As no galleries would accept their work, they sold them in towns and cities and along roadsides throughout Florida, often still wet, out of the trunks of their cars. Their success and longevity is remarkable considering they began their career in the racially unsettled and violent times of the 50s in Florida ^[2]^[3] and amid the social conditions of the Jim Crow South where the stirrings of the civil rights movement were only just beginning.^[4] They have been called "The Last Great American Art Movement of the 20th century".^[5]

History

In 1955, 19-year-old African American artist Harold Newton was convinced by A. E. Backus, a prominent Florida landscape artist, to create paintings of landscapes rather than religious scenes.^[6] Newton sold his landscapes from the trunk of his car because art galleries in South Florida refused to represent African Americans.^[7] The following year, 14-year-old Alfred Hair began taking formal art lessons from Backus and, after three years, also began selling landscape paintings. Newton and Hair inspired a loose-knit group of African American artists to follow their leads. Newton is recognized by fellow artists for his technical inspiration while Hair is the considered the leader and catalyst "who set the tone for the group through the 1960s."^[6]^[8] They attracted a group of a "young, energetic" artists who painted large quantities of brilliantly colorful impressionistic landscapes that they each sold from their cars.^[6] In 1970, the group lost its charismatic leader when Hair was killed in a barroom brawl at age 29 and the prodigious output of the movement's artists began to wane.^[8] By the 1980s, a shift in public tastes and the growth of corporate entities like Disney World further reduced the demand for the movement's art.^[6]

In the mid-1990's Jim Fitch, a Florida art historian, and Jeff Klinkenberg, of the St. Petersburg Times wrote several newspaper articles about the group whom Fitch dubbed "The Florida Highwaymen" for their business of selling art door-to-door along Florida's Highway 1.^[6]^[9] The attention created new interest for their idyllic landscapes of natural settings in Florida igniting sales of the paintings. This activity increased the value of the artwork and created further demand. All 26 Florida Highwaymen were inducted into the Florida Artists Hall of Fame in 2004.^[10]

Their renown grew internationally during the early 2000s and the 26 members have been recognized for their extensive contribution and vivid documentation of mid-twentieth century Florida culture and history. Of the remaining artists in the original group (13 deceased) all but one artist continue to paint to this day, more than 50 years since they first started to paint, even though most artists are now in their 70's and some nearing their 80's. Over time their style has evolved into more carefully created works and away from the original "fast painting" techniques that enabled them to produce large quantities of paintings in their early years.

Style

The Highwaymen were mostly self-taught painters, who mentored each other. Excluded from the traditional world of art shows and galleries, the Highwaymen painted on inexpensive gypsum board or masonite and framed their paintings with crown molding (brushed with gold or silver paint to "antique" them). They packed these paintings into the trunks of their cars and sold them door-to-door throughout the south-eastern coast of Florida. Sometimes the paintings were stacked before the oil paint was dry.^[11]

Analogies compare the Hudson River School of the mid 19th Century and Group of Seven (artists) from Canada in the early 20th century to The Florida Highwaymen Artists.{{cite needed|date=February 2019}} In their respective times these groups mentored and created works collaboratively. Painting en plein air style, the Highwaymen artists "eschew[ed] any formal color theory and rel[ied] on instinct and intuition to depict their steady stream of beaches, palm trees and Everglades scenes. Organic colors were not their main focus; they wanted to wow buyers with burnt-orange Florida skies or unnaturally florescent clouds."^[7]

Membership

It was not a formal movement and represented no "official" group, yet The Highwaymen thrived as artists and entrepreneurs through their sheer determination to succeed as painters and not as laborers in citrus groves, their expected social role.^[12] The works are also classified as "Outsider Art", or "Folk Art". They honed techniques to rapidly produce their paintings and developed strategies to sell and market their artwork outside of the formal world of art galleries and exhibitions. Their story is one of African Americans who carved out unique economic opportunities despite the social conditions of the Jim Crow South.

In 2000, twenty-six artists were identified as Highwaymen.^[13] These artists were inducted into the Florida Artists Hall of Fame in 2004 as the Highwaymen and include: Curtis Arnett, Hezekiah Baker, Al "Blood" Black, brothers Ellis and George Buckner, Robert Butler, Mary Ann Carroll (the only woman in the group), brothers Johnny and Willie Daniels, Rodney Demps, James Gibson, Alfred Hair, Isaac Knight, Robert Lewis, John Maynor, Roy McLendon, Alfonso "Pancho" Moran, brothers Sam, Lemuel and Harold Newton, Willie Reagan, Livingston "Castro" Roberts, Cornell "Pete" Smith, Charles Walker, Sylvester Wells, and Charles "Chico" Wheeler.^[14]

The lone "Highwaywoman" Mary Ann Carroll (b. 1940) lived in obscurity for many years. Carroll was the guest of honor at First Lady Michelle Obama's First Lady's Luncheon on May 18, 2011. Carroll presented a poinciana tree painting to Mrs. Obama.^[15]

Of these twenty six, nine are considered "original" (or the earliest) Highwaymen: Harold Newton, Alfred Hair, Roy McLendon, James Gibson, Livingston Roberts, Mary Ann Carroll, Sam Newton, Willie Daniels, and Al Black.^[16]

In 2008, a second hour-long PBS-TV documentary film was released called "The Highwaymen: Legends of the Road". It was produced by father and son team Jack and John Hambrick (both veteran TV news journalists). The original, titled "The Highwaymen: Florida's Outsider Artists" premiered at the Appleton Museum in Ocala in 2003 and was picked up by PBS. It generally airs during Black History month. Narrated by Spencer Christian, the Hambrick team was responsible for this one as well and the second, more commercial oriented documentary.

As of January 2018, thirteen are deceased, both Buckners, Hair, Harold Newton, A.Moran, L.Roberts, H. Baker, Johnnie Daniels, Robert Butler, Lemuel Newton, Carnell(Pete)Smith, John Maynor, and James Gibson.

Most of the paintings are signed, but there are a number of paintings that weren't, there are a number of paintings that are sold as "Highwaymen Style" that emulate the iconic landscapes of the Highwaymen artists. Older paintings from the 1950s and early 60s era are more sought after by collectors.

Exhibits

Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Titled: Florida Highwaymen February 2016 Exhibition presented by the Embassy of the United States, Ottawa, in collaboration with Galerie SAW Gallery, February 5 – 29, 2016. Over 30 works by Alfred Hair, Harold Newton, Roy McLendon Sr., Mary Ann Carroll, James Gibson, Livingston Roberts, Willie Daniels, Johnny Daniels, Ellis Buckner, George Buckner, Sam Newton, Al Black and Lem Newton. Mary Ann Carroll is attending the opening for the first ever Highwaymen exhibit outside of the United States.

A recent exhibit at the Florida House in Washington, D.C. featured vintage paintings by the core artists of the group. Included in the exhibit are paintings by Alfred Hair, Harold Newton, Roy McLendon Sr., Mary Ann Carroll, James Gibson, Livingston Roberts, Willie Daniels, Ellis Buckner, George Buckner, Sam Newton and Al Black. Entitled "The Florida Highwaymen: A Disappearing Landscape," the exhibit highlighted not only the works and the unique historical and cultural significance of the Florida Highwaymen, but also their important depiction of the natural beauty of the endangered wetlands environment.

The Florida Aquarium in Tampa, Florida features vintage paintings by Alfred Hair, Sam Newton, James Gibson and Harold Newton. Emphasizing the "timeless" nature of the Florida Highwaymen works and the environmental and wetlands conservation message they also represent.

The Museum of Florida History in Tallahassee has paintings by twenty-three of the original twenty-six artists.^[17] In Orlando, Florida at the Orange County Regional History Center, a 2010-11 exhibit, "Against All Odds: The Art of the Highwaymen", paintings by all 26 artists together in one exhibit for the first time since Bob LeBlanc, highwaymen-buy-sell-trade.com, curated an exhibition in the Safety Harbor Museum and Cultural Center, Safety Harbor Florida in 2008.

See also

References

1. ^Florida Department of State Induction of the Florida Highwaymen into the Florida Artists Hall of Fame
2. ^History of Harry T and Harriette Moore NAACP
3. ^[https://www.pbs.org/harrymoore/terror/lynching.html Freedom Never Dies The Legacy of Harry T. Moore, Florida Terror] PBS documentary
4. ^Civil Rights in Florida A Short History of Florida
5. ^Painting isn't Just One Man's Treasure St. Petersburg Times August 20, 2005
6. ^¹²³⁴{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/27/books/arts-in-america-sunshine-for-windy-dreamscapes.html | title=ARTS IN AMERICA; Sunshine for Windy Dreamscapes | newspaper=New York Times | first=Mark | last=Derr | date=27 November 2001}}
7. ^¹{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/obituaries/alfred-hair-overlooked.html | title=Alfred Hair: A charismatic businessman who created a movement for Florida’s black artists | first=Gordon K. | last=Hurd | newspaper=New York Times | date=2019}}
8. ^¹{{cite web | url=https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=155867819 | title=Art, Race And Murder: Meet Florida's 'Highwaymen' | publisher=National Public Radio | work=Southword | first=Renee | last=Montagne | date=27 June 2012}}
9. ^Antiques and Art Around Florida the Highwaymen by Jim Fitch 1995
10. ^Florida Artists Hall of Fame List Florida Department of State
11. ^Friedman, Nick, Voices of the Highwaymen, Sarasota Observer, Tuesday, February 2, 2016 quoting Al Black regarding repairing the damage to paintings that had been wet when packed into the trunk of an automobile
12. ^Florida's Highwaymen:Legendary Landscapes by Bob Beatty 2008
13. ^The Highwaymen {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018072750/http://go-star.com/framer/highwaymen.htm |date=2007-10-18 }} by Ken Hall, from go-star.com
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.floridahighwaymenpaintings.com/ |title=Florida Highwaymen Art|publisher= floridahighwaymenpaintings.com}}
15. ^{{Cite book|title=Mary Ann Carroll: First Lady of the Highwaymen|last=Monroe|first=Gary|publisher=University Press of Florida|year=2014|isbn=9780813049694|location=Gainesville, FL|pages=39}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://floridahighwaymen.com/viewgallery.php3?gallery_id=101 |title=Who are the Florida Highwaymen |publisher=floridahighwaymen.com |date= |accessdate=2012-07-04}}
17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://museumoffloridahistory.com/news/index.cfm?id=492|title=Museum of Florida History - News and Events|website=museumoffloridahistory.com|access-date=2018-02-02}}