| 词条 | The Silent Scream |
| 释义 |
| name = The Silent Scream | image = The Silent Scream (1984 film).jpg | image size = | border = | alt = | caption = Original 1984 VHS cover | director = Jack Duane Dabner | producer = Jack Duane Dabner, executive producer: Donald S. Smith | writer = Donald S. Smith, founder of Crusade for Life[1] | screenplay = | story = | based on = | narrator = Bernard N. Nathanson | starring = | music = Jim Stipech | cinematography = Roger Boller | editing = Dan R. Fouts | studio = | distributor = American Portrait Films | released = {{Film date|1984}} | runtime = 28 mins. | country = United States | language = English | budget = | gross = }}The Silent Scream is a 1984 anti-abortion educational film directed by Jack Duane Dabner and narrated by Bernard Nathanson, an obstetrician, NARAL Pro-Choice America founder, and an abortion provider before becoming a pro-life activist, and produced in partnership with the National Right to Life Committee.[2] The film depicts the abortion process via ultrasound and shows an abortion taking place in the uterus. During the abortion process, the fetus is described as appearing to make outcries of pain and discomfort. The video has been a popular tool used by the anti-abortion campaign in arguing against abortion,[3] but it has been criticized as misleading by members of the medical community.[4] DevelopmentNathanson credits then-president Ronald Reagan for inspiring him to make The Silent Scream.[5][6] In a speech to the Association of National Religious Broadcasters in January 1984, Reagan stated that a fetus suffers "long and agonizing pain" during an abortion. The media and the medical community disputed Reagan's remarks. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists issued a statement in response to the president's comment, saying that the neurological pathways necessary to experience pain do not begin to develop until the third trimester of pregnancy.[7][8] Nathanson agreed with the president and issued a counterstatement. When critics continued to dispute that a fetus feels pain during the first two trimesters of pregnancy, Nathanson decided to make a movie, saying "I mulled it over and thought there's only one way we can resolve this issue, and that's by photographing an abortion, beginning to end."[6] OverviewNathanson, a pro-life (formerly pro-choice) obstetrician, serves as both the medical expert and narrator of the film, describing the events of the abortion as they unfold. He begins by stating the viewer is about to witness the "dazzling" new "science of fetology" and to witness an abortion in real time "from the victim's vantage point."[10] The film compiled a series of still ultrasound images of the abortion of a twelve-week-old fetus (referred to as a child by Nathanson) spliced together to create the video. Nathanson displays the instruments used in a typical abortion and calmly demonstrates how each instrument is introduced into a woman’s body during an abortion. Nathanson states that the head, even at 12 weeks' gestation, will be too large to enter the suction device and shows how forceps are used to crush the skull. He suggests that brain waves have been active for six weeks, though this is disputed by scientists.[8] A television screen shows ultrasound images of a fetus. As the images of an abortion appear on the screen, Nathanson describes step-by-step what is taking place, pointing out new instruments that are introduced into the uterus. The suction cannula is described as a lethal weapon that will "dismember, crush, and destroy" the child. He narrates that the fetus is unprepared for the invasion of the womb and attempts to escape the cannula, describing it as a "child being torn apart ... by the unfeeling steel instruments of the abortionist."[12] He notes how the fetus's heartbeat speeds up and how it seems to open its mouth in a "chilling silent scream."[12] The film culminates in the now-famous "silent scream" which is accompanied with a shrill musical accompaniment.[10] The film concludes by discussing the implications behind hiding this material from women. Nathanson states that he believes the film is necessary in keeping women informed on matters concerning abortion. This was the first time the images of an aborted fetus were given an electronic platform, as opposed to the printed form of the imagery used in prior years.[2] ReceptionThe Silent Scream was viewed by its producer and by the pro-life lobby as a tool capable of swaying public opinion against abortion.[4] The film premiered on televangelist Jerry Falwell's program,[2] and aired five times over the span of a month on major television networks.[9] The film was later distributed widely to high schools and colleges and, according to TIME, "embraced as an effective propaganda weapon by right-to-life organizations." The film was popular among people who opposed abortion, even being shown at the White House by then-President Ronald Reagan.[10] Reagan said that "if every member of Congress could see that film, they would move quickly to end the tragedy of abortion."[11] The film's producers reportedly planned to send copies to every member of the United States Congress and to the Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States upon its release.[4] Some opponents of abortion touted the film as proof that their opposition was science-based.[2]Medical communityMany members of the medical community were critical of the film, describing it as misleading and deceptive. Richard Berkowitz, professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Mount Sinai Medical Center, described the film as "factually misleading and unfair."[4] John Hobbins of the Yale School of Medicine called the film's use of special effects deceptive, a form of "technical flimflam." He pointed out that the film of the ultrasound is initially run at slow speed, but that it is sped up when surgical instruments are introduced to give the impression that "the fetus is thrashing about in alarm." Hobbins questioned the titular "scream", noting that "the fetus spends lots of time with its mouth open," that the "scream" may have been a yawn, and also that "mouth" identified on the blurry ultrasound in the film may in fact have been the space between the fetal chin and chest.[4] Edward Myer, chairman of pediatrics at the University of Virginia stated that, at twelve weeks, the brain is not sufficiently developed for a fetus to be able to feel pain.[12] Similarly, Hart Peterson, chairman of pediatric neurology at the New York Hospital, stated that the "notion that a 12-week-old fetus is in discomfort is erroneous."[12] Fetal development experts argued that, contrary to Nathanson's assertion in the film, a fetus cannot perceive danger or make purposeful movements. David Bodian, a neurobiologist at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, stated that doctors had no evidence that a twelve-week-old fetus could feel pain, but noted the possibility of a reflex movement by a fetus in response to external stimuli such as surgical instruments. The size of the ultrasound image and of the fetus model used was also misleading, appearing to show a fetus the size of a full-term baby, while in actuality a twelve-week-old fetus is under two inches long.[4] Jennifer Niebyl of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine said that what Nathanson described as the fetus recoiling from pain and seeking to escape is "strictly reflex activity" which Nathason made look purposeful by speeding up the film as the suction catheter was placed.[13] Fay Redwine of the VCU Medical Center stated: "Any of us could show you the same image in a fetus who is not being aborted."[13] Senate subcommittee hearingAdditional medical opinions on the film, some critical and some supportive, were presented before a U.S. Senate subcommittee that was examining the question of fetal pain.[14] Among the opinions expressed were those of Dr. Richard Berkowitz, whose criticism of the film was already mentioned above, and Dr. Ian Donald, a Scottish physician and pioneer of diagnostic ultrasound. Dr. Donald’s affidavit said that the fetal activities shown in the film “are not faked nor the result of artefact intentional or otherwise.”[15][16] Nathanson himself appeared before the subcommittee and said that the film had portions that were shown in freeze frame or slow motion for clarification purposes but that it reverted to normal speed without any intention to deceive.[17] On the issue of fetal pain, Nathanson said that the fetal reactions in the film imply that it is in pain, albeit at a “primitive level.”[18] He also conceded that at this stage of development there would be no cognition of pain in the cerebral cortex.[19] Pro-choice communityRon Fitzsimmons, of the National Abortion Rights Action League, stated that "it has forced us to respond."[4] In 1985, Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA) produced a brochure in response, titled The Facts Speak Louder than "The Silent Scream", which described the video as "riddled with scientific, medical, and legal inaccuracies as well as misleading statements and exaggerations".[20][21][39] PPFA convened what it described as "a panel of internationally known and respected physicians" to review and critique the film, and issue a rebuttal of the claims made, including fetal pain, purposeful movement, and the titular "scream."[10][22] PPFA also produced its own film, in which women, doctors, and other experts responded to the claims made in The Silent Scream,[23] and which criticized it as portraying pregnant women as childlike and unfit to hold reproductive rights.[24] Author and journalist Katie Roiphe described the video as "extremely suspect propaganda" and "essentially a horror movie that used frank distortions."[3] Political scientist and pro-choice activist Rosalind P. Petchesky described "its visual distortions and verbal fraud" and said it "belongs in the realm of cultural representation rather than... medical evidence."[2] LegacyThe Silent Scream has been credited with winning "many converts to the pro-life cause" by its graphic scenes that shocked many viewers.[25] The film helped "to shift the public focus from the horror stories of women who had suffered back-alley abortions to the horror movie of a fetus undergoing one."[26] The film has been very important for the pro-life movement and is widely available for purchase or download.[27]Nathanson later produced a follow-up film, Eclipse of Reason, depicting a late-term abortion procedure known as dilation and evacuation (D&E). References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.crusadeforlife.org/innocent%20blood.htm|title=innocent blood|publisher=}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal |jstor=3177802 |pages=263–92 |last1=Petchesky |first1=Rosalind Pollack |title=Fetal Images: The Power of Visual Culture in the Politics of Reproduction |volume=13 |issue=2 |journal=Feminist Studies |year=1987 |doi=10.2307/3177802}} 3. ^1 {{cite news |last=Roiphe |first=Katie |title=Choice words |work=Guardian Unlimited |publisher=Guardian News and Media |date=2008-01-01 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/weekend/story/0,3605,1425213,00.html |accessdate=2008-01-01}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite news |work=TIME |date=March 25, 1985 |accessdate=March 17, 2011 |title=Medicine: Silent Scream |first1=Claudia |last1=Wallis |first2=Kenneth W. |last2=Banta |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,964142-1,00.html}} 5. ^{{cite web|url= http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1985-04-07/news/0290060168_1_abortion-silent-scream-nathanson/2|title= Turnabout Gives Birth To Battle Cry: 'The Silent Scream'|work= Orlando Sentinel |last= Schmich |first= Mary T. |date=April 7, 1985 |accessdate= July 31, 2015}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|url= http://articles.latimes.com/1985-08-08/news/vw-3552_1_silent-scream|title= He's the Force Behind 'The Silent Scream' Film : Doctor Who Performed Thousands of Abortions Narrates, Promotes Right-to-Life Sonogram Movie |work= Los Angeles Times|last1= Mehren |first1= Elizabeth |last2= Cuniberti |first2= Betty|date= August 8, 1985 |accessdate= July 31, 2015 }} 7. ^{{cite book |last= Lupton |first= Deborah| title= The Social Worlds of the Unborn |publisher= Palgrave |location= New York|year= 2013|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=p2vZ07r9DGIC&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24 |page= 24|isbn=978-1-137-31071-2}} 8. ^http://brainblogger.com/2009/05/10/medical-controversy-when-does-life-begin/ 9. ^1 2 Pickering, B., & Lake, R. 1999. "Visual Images as (opposed to?) Reason: The Argument of Eclipse of Reason." Conference Proceedings – National Communication Association/American Forensic Association (Alta Conference on Argumentation), 253-261. Retrieved from Communication & Mass Media Complete database.{{Verify source|date=March 2012}} 10. ^1 {{cite news |last=DeParle |first=Jason |title=Beyond the legal right; why liberals and feminists don't like to talk about the morality of abortion |work=The Washington Monthly |date=April 1989 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_n3_v21/ai_7537791 |accessdate=2008-01-01}} 11. ^1 2 {{Cite news |work=Time |date=February 4, 1985 |title=Abortion: New Heat Over an Old Issue |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,959882,00.html |first=Robert T. |last=Zintl |first2=Carolyn |last2=Lesh}} 12. ^1 2 {{cite web|url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1891&dat=19850228&id=KrYfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hNcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2807,5533988&hl=en |first= Tom |last= Braden |title= 'The Silent Scream' is not accurate |work= The Gadsden Times |date= February 28, 1985 |accessdate= May 4, 2015}} 13. ^1 {{cite web|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/11/opinion/a-false-scream.html |title= A False 'Scream'|work= The New York Times |date= March 11, 1985 |accessdate= July 31, 2015}} 14. ^Hearing Before the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-Ninth Congress. (May 21, 1985). First session on: The medical evidence concerning fetal pain. S. Hrg. 99-429; Serial No. J-99-28. 15. ^ibid.: p. 5. 16. ^{{cite news |title=Affidavit of Dr. Ian Donald – the man who developed ultrasound |url=http://www.theinterim.com/issues/abortion/affidavit-of-dr-ian-donald-–-the-man-who-developed-ultrasound/ |accessdate=21 November 2018 |work=The Interim |date=May 8, 1985 |quote=I am of the opinion that the fetal activities depicted by ultrasonic real-time scanning in this film are not faked nor the result of artifact intentional or otherwise.}} 17. ^ibid.: pp. 7-9. 18. ^ibid.: pp. 10-12. 19. ^ibid.: p. 19. 20. ^{{Cite book |title=Ourselves Unborn: A History of the Fetus in Modern America |first=Sara |last=Dubow |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7B0PzPwc43cC&pg=PA160 |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=160 |isbn=978-0-19-532343-6}} 21. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.d1358 |title=Bernard Nathanson |year=2011 |last1=Stafford |first1=N. |journal=BMJ |volume=342 |pages=d1358}} 22. ^1 {{Cite press release |title=The Facts Speak Louder than "The Silent Scream" |publisher=Planned Parenthood Federation of America |date=March 2002 |origyear=1985 |url=http://www.svss-uspda.ch/pdf/Silent_Scream%20-%20Facts_Speak_Louder%20-PPFA.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2015-07-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181227/http://www.svss-uspda.ch/pdf/Silent_Scream%20-%20Facts_Speak_Louder%20-PPFA.pdf |archivedate=2016-04-17 |df= }} 23. ^{{Cite book |title=New directions in group communication |first=Lawrence R. |last=Frey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iswec4UtQXsC&pg=PA153 |page=153 |year=2002 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-0-7619-1281-1}} 24. ^{{Cite book |first=Sandra |last=Matthews |first2=Laura |last2=Wexler |publisher=Routledge |page=10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1HJsS0LH2cC&pg=PA10 |title=Pregnant pictures |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-30014-8}} 25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/260358/pro-life-legacy-dr-bernard-nathanson-michael-j-new |first=Michael J. |last=New |title=The Pro-Life Legacy of Dr. Bernard Nathanson |work=National Review |date=Feb 22, 2011}} 26. ^{{cite news |work=TIME |date=Dec 6, 2006 |accessdate=Sep 10, 2011 |title=Can a Fetus Feel Pain? |first=Nancy |last=Gibbs |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1566772,00.html}} 27. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Onjrm6lHR8C&pg=PA278&dq=silent-scream+abortion+impact#v=onepage&q&f=false |first=D. |last=McBride |title=Abortion in the United States: A Reference Handbook |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2008 |page=278 |isbn=978-1-59884-098-8}} External links
8 : 1984 films|Documentary films about abortion|Anti-abortion movement|English-language films|American documentary films|American films|1980s documentary films|American propaganda films |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。