“Thingspiele”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A Thingspiel (plural Thingspiele) was a kind of multi-disciplinary outdoor theatre performance which enjoyed brief popularity in pre-war Nazi Germany during the 1930s. A Thingplatz or Thingstätte was a specially-constructed outdoor amphitheatre built for such performances. About 400 were planned, but only about 40 were built between 1933 and 1939.

History

The idea of the Thingspiel movement was that the Volk would gather for völkisch meetings and for theatre and propaganda presentations. A Thing was an ancient judicial as well as social gathering of Germanic peoples, in an outdoor setting. The Thing sites were to be built as much as possible in a natural setting, incorporating rocks, trees, bodies of water, ruins, and hills of some historical or mythic significance.^[1]^[2] The term Thingspiel was first put forward by the academic {{Interlanguage link multi|Carl Niessen|de}} in a speech on 29 July 1933; he had Tacitus' Germania in mind.^[3] The Thingspiele were to be immersive multi-disciplinary theatre of a new type. As set out in a 1934 speech by Reich drama advisor Rainer Schlösser, the objective was "a drama that intensifies historical events to create a mythical, universal, unambiguous reality beyond reality."^[4]^[5] The performances were to be choric, to involve the audience as a realisation of the Volkgemeinschaft,^[6] and in this respect had antecedents in socialist Laienspiele and other movements seeking to open up theatre, including both Protestant and Catholic amateur traditions as well as Ernst Wachler's neo-pagan drama of the early 20th century.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] The dramas characteristically interwove audience and action, especially through the choruses, and sought to have the audience identify with the National Socialist revolution depicted.^[11] Thingspiele were as much ritual as drama, and the theatres were often referred to as "cult places".^[8]^[12] They were also intended from the start to be used to celebrate the cycle of Nazi national holidays.^[13]

Architecturally, the official Thingplätze were round and emulated Greek amphitheatres;^[1] they tended to be very large, to accommodate mass audiences and multimedia performances involving "entire battalions" of SA or Hitler Youth.^[14] A speaking chorus of 500–1,000 people was supposed to be available at each site; the largest planned Thingplatz, at Gelsenkirchen, was to have accommodated 200,000 people.^[15] The resulting size of both the stage and the audience area, and the need to have multiple stage levels for visibility, caused acoustic problems, and the theatres were soon equipped with amplification systems as well as lighting; turrets and platforms vaguely reminiscent of mediaeval forts concealed the controls for the equipment, and fire-pits for solstice festivals, originally planned to be in the middle of the stage area, were relegated to the periphery because of the risk to the cables.^[16] In many cases an adjacent area was provided for mass assemblies, with the theatre stage then becoming the speakers' podium.^[17]

The Thingspiel movement existed before the start of Nazi rule; the Reich Union for the Promotion of Open-Air Theatre, registered in December 1932, had Wilhelm Karl Gerst of the Catholic Theatre Union as its business manager, and Ödön von Horváth, Ernst Toller and Carl Zuckmayer were initially associated with the movement;^[7] however, it was endorsed by the Nazi régime with the foundation of the Reichsbund der deutschen Freilicht und Volksschauspiele (Reich League for German Open Air and Volk Plays) under the auspices of the Propaganda Ministry in 1933,^[18]^[19] and the first officially designated Thingplatz was dedicated on 1 May 1934 in the Brandberge in Halle.^[20] 400 Thing sites were planned, but only approximately 40 were built.^[21]^[22]

However, Hitler himself was not a big believer in the revival of ancient Germanic practices, and outdoor theatre could not sustain its appeal in the commonly cold and damp German weather. It proved impossible to build so many new theatres quickly, audience enthusiasm waned for the action-poor Thingspiele, and playwrights also failed to write enough of them. Beginning in 1935, many existing and all new Thing sites were renamed to Feierstätten (festival sites) or Freilichtbühnen (open-air theatres)^[23] and they were used for performances of conventional plays and folk festivals such as those celebrating the summer solstice. {{Interlanguage link multi|Otto Laubinger|de}}, who had promoted the Thingspiel movement as head of the theatre division of the Reichskulturkammer, died in 1935, and by 1937, when Joseph Goebbels officially withdrew support, it had already petered out.^[24]^[25]^[26]

Since the end of World War II many of these sites have come to be used as venues for outdoor rock concerts and other musical presentations as well as for theatre.

Completed theatres

Official

According to Rainer Stommer in his study of the Thing movement, the following official sites were completed (date is that of completion or dedication):^[27]

Unofficial

Stommer lists the following theatres that were not officially sanctioned but are known to have been completed (with date of completion or dedication):^[28]

Others inspired by or used by the Thing movement but not listed by Stommer include:

Dramas

The first dramas performed at Thingplätze had originated earlier. Both Deutsche Passion (German passion) by Richard Euringer, a leading theoretician of the Thingspiel movement,^[29]^[30] and Symphonie der Arbeit (work symphony) by {{Interlanguage link multi|Hans-Jürgen Nierentz|de}} originated as radio plays first performed in 1933 (as Nazi counter-examples to religious Easter and left-wing May Day dramas respectively); Aufbricht Deutschland! (Germany arises!, also 1933) by {{Interlanguage link multi|Gustav Goes|de}} was written as a stadium play. Of well known works associated with the movement, Neurode, Spiel von deutscher Arbeit (Neurode, play about German work) by {{Interlanguage link multi|Kurt Heynicke|de}} and Das Spiel von Job dem Deutschen (the play about Job the German) by Kurt Eggers were both written in 1932, before the Nazis came to power, and Euringer also first conceived his Deutsche Passion that year. Das Spiel von Job dem Deutschen was performed at a trade fair in November 1933 to serve as an example of the Thingspiel genre.^[31]^[32] Later Thingspiele included Eggers' Annaberg (1933)^[33] and Das große Wandern: Ein Spiel vom ewigen deutschen Schicksal (the great journey: a play about the eternal German fate, 1934),^[34] Eberhard Wolfgang Möller's Anruf und Verkündigung der Toten (summons and proclamation of the dead, 1934),^[33] Heynicke's Der Weg ins Reich (the way to the Reich, 1935), Die Stedinger (The Stedingers, 1935) by {{Interlanguage link multi|August Hinrichs|de}}^[33] and Soldaten der Scholle (Soldiers of the soil, 1935) by Erich Müller-Schnick.^[35] The most successful was Möller's Frankenburger Würfelspiel, which received its première at the Dietrich-Eckart-Bühne in Berlin in 1936 in association with the 1936 Summer Olympics.^[30]^[36] Lists of approved Thingspiele were published in 1934 and 1935; some works were omitted from the second list, such as Nierentz's Segen der Bauernschaft (Farmers' Blessing, 1933), which may have been regarded as overemphasising religious rather than political redemption.^[37]

Thingspiele generally present redemption through National Socialism: from Germany's suffering caused by the defeat in World War I in Euringer's Deutsche Passion and Heynicke's Der Weg ins Reich,^[38] from rapacious and anti-German capitalism in Heynicke's Neurode,^[39] from all exploiters who have oppressed the German farmer since the Thirty Years' War in Müller-Schnick's Soldaten der Scholle and in general from the ills of the Weimar Republic, which is indicted as the fount of all problems.^[40] Unity and self-denial in the interests of Germany and the Volk are urged.^[41]

See also

References

1. ^¹Robert R. Taylor, The Word in Stone: The Role of Architecture in the National Socialist Ideology, Berkeley: University of California, 1974, {{ISBN|9780520021938}}, pp. 213–14.
2. ^Glen Gadberry, "The Thingspiel and Das Frankenberger Wurfelspiel", The Drama Review 24.1, March 1980, pp. 103–14, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1145299?seq=3&Search=yes&searchText=Thingst%C3%A4tten&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2528Thingst%25C3%25A4tten%2529%26Search%3DSearch%26gw%3Djtx%26prq%3D%2528Thingst%25C3%25A4tten%2529%2BAND%2Biid%253A%252810.2307%252Fi30038899%2529%26hp%3D25%26acc%3Don%26aori%3Doff%26wc%3Don%26fc%3Doff&prevSearch=&item=4&ttl=8&returnArticleService=showFullText&resultsServiceName=null p. 105].
3. ^William Niven, "The Birth of Nazi Drama?: Thing Plays", in John London, ed., Theatre Under the Nazis, Manchester / New York: Manchester University, 2000, {{ISBN|9780719059124}}, pp. 54–95, [https://books.google.com/books?id=bEHuIhK7J7MC&pg=PA55&dq=Kurt+Eggers,+Das+Spiel+von+Job+dem+Deutschen&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwitoqChhoPPAhVW4GMKHaqUBpsQ6AEIMDAD#v=onepage&q=Carl%20Niessen&f=false pp. 55, 58].
4. ^Karl-Heinz Schoeps, Literature and Film in the Third Reich, tr. Kathleen M. Dell'Orto, Studies in German Literature, Linguistics, and Culture, Rochester, New York: Boydell & Brewer/Camden House, 2004, {{ISBN|1-57113-252-X}}, p. 153, wrongly dating the speech to 1935.
5. ^Gadberry, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1145299?seq=2&Search=yes&searchText=Thingst%C3%A4tten&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2528Thingst%25C3%25A4tten%2529%26Search%3DSearch%26gw%3Djtx%26prq%3D%2528Thingst%25C3%25A4tten%2529%2BAND%2Biid%253A%252810.2307%252Fi30038899%2529%26hp%3D25%26acc%3Don%26aori%3Doff%26wc%3Don%26fc%3Doff&prevSearch=&item=4&ttl=8&returnArticleService=showFullText&resultsServiceName=null p. 104].
6. ^Taylor, p. 213.
7. ^¹Schoeps, p. 153.
8. ^¹Klaus Vondung, "Thingspiel", Das grosse Lexikon des Dritten Reiches, ed. Christian Zentner and Friedemann Bedürftig, Munich: Südwest, 1985, {{ISBN|9783517008349}}, p. 579 {{de icon}}.
9. ^{{Interlanguage link multi|Erika Fischer-Lichte|de}}, Theatre, Sacrifice, Ritual: Exploring Forms of Political Theatre, London / New York: Routledge, 2005, {{ISBN|9780415276757}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WGaBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129&dq=Kurt+Eggers,+Das+Spiel+von+Job+dem+Deutschen&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwitoqChhoPPAhVW4GMKHaqUBpsQ6AEISDAH#v=onepage&q=Thus%2C%20it%20can%20be%20concluded%20that%20apart%20from%20the%20Thing%20sites%20yet%20to%20be%20erected&f=false p. 137].
10. ^Rainer Stommer, Die inszenierte Volksgemeinschaft: die "Thing-Bewegung" im Dritten Reich, Marburg: Jonas, 1985, {{ISBN|9783922561316}} {{de icon}}, p. 16; two extended treatments of the antecedent movements are Henning Eichberg et al., Massenspiele: NS-Thingspiel, Arbeiterweihespiel und olympisches Zeremoniell, Problemata 58, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, 1977, {{ISBN|9783772806674}} {{de icon}} and Wilfried van der Will and Rob Burns, Arbeiterkulturbewegung in der Weimarer Republik: eine historisch-theoretische Analyse der kulturellen Bestrebungen der sozialdemokratisch organisierten Arbeiterschaft, Ullstein Materialien, Frankfurt: Ullstein, 1982, {{ISBN|9783548351414}} {{de icon}}.
11. ^Niven, [https://books.google.com/books?id=bEHuIhK7J7MC&pg=PA55&dq=Kurt+Eggers,+Das+Spiel+von+Job+dem+Deutschen&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwitoqChhoPPAhVW4GMKHaqUBpsQ6AEIMDAD#v=onepage&q=identification%20with%20the%20action%20was%20supported&f=false p. 67].
12. ^Taylor, pp. 217–18 points out that this attitude was more pronounced among certain leaders of the movement than in general, but that some historians share that view, for example Hans-Jochen Gamm, Der braune Kult: das Dritte Reich und seine Ersatzreligion, Hamburg: Rütten und Loening, 1962, {{OCLC|705801}}.
13. ^Fischer-Lichte, p. 131.
14. ^Richard Grunberger, A Social History of the Third Reich, London: Weidenfeld, 1971, {{ISBN|9780297002949}}, p. 363.
15. ^Stommer, pp. 14, 63.
16. ^Stommer, p. 173.
17. ^Stommer, p. 177.
18. ^Stommer, pp. 12, 29.
19. ^According to Taylor, pp. 214–15, 1934.
20. ^Stommer, pp. 61–62, 212, points out that although the Halle Thingplatz was officially the first, the arena at Heringsdorf was begun earlier and dedicated the same day; it was only later given the name Thingplatz, possibly so as not to overshadow that at Halle.
21. ^Frank Knittermeier, "Bad Segeberg: Heute vor 70 Jahren wurde in der Kreisstadt die Kalkbergarena eröffnet. Es begann 1937 - als Feierstätte der Nazis", Hamburger Abendblatt, 10 October 2007 {{de icon}} (paywalled): "400 Feierstätten dieser Art wollten die Nazis in Großdeutschland bauen. Nach dem Masterplan des Regierungsbaumeisters Schaller werden schließlich jedoch nur 40 fast baugleiche Stätten errichtet."
22. ^According to Geoff Walden, Thingplatz / Thingstätte Sites, Third Reich in Ruins, about 1,200 were planned and about 45 built.
23. ^Gadberry, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1145299?seq=4&Search=yes&searchText=Thingst%C3%A4tten&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2528Thingst%25C3%25A4tten%2529%26Search%3DSearch%26gw%3Djtx%26prq%3D%2528Thingst%25C3%25A4tten%2529%2BAND%2Biid%253A%252810.2307%252Fi30038899%2529%26hp%3D25%26acc%3Don%26aori%3Doff%26wc%3Don%26fc%3Doff&prevSearch=&item=4&ttl=8&returnArticleService=showFullText&resultsServiceName=null p. 106].
24. ^Taylor, p. 216
25. ^Gadberry, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1145299?seq=12&Search=yes&searchText=Thingst%C3%A4tten&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2528Thingst%25C3%25A4tten%2529%26Search%3DSearch%26gw%3Djtx%26prq%3D%2528Thingst%25C3%25A4tten%2529%2BAND%2Biid%253A%252810.2307%252Fi30038899%2529%26hp%3D25%26acc%3Don%26aori%3Doff%26wc%3Don%26fc%3Doff&prevSearch=&item=4&ttl=8&returnArticleService=showFullText&resultsServiceName=null p. 114].
26. ^Schoeps, note 11, pp. 164–65.
27. ^Stommer, pp. 205–20.
28. ^Stommer, pp. 233–40.
29. ^Grunberger, pp. 363–64.
30. ^¹Ingo R. Stoehr, German Literature of the Twentieth Century: From Aestheticism to Postmodernism, Camden House History of German Literature 10, Rochester, New York: Boydell & Brewer / Camden House, 2001, {{ISBN|9781571131577}}, pp. 183–84.
31. ^Niven, pp. 55, 60–61.
32. ^Fischer-Lichte, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WGaBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129&dq=Kurt+Eggers,+Das+Spiel+von+Job+dem+Deutschen&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwitoqChhoPPAhVW4GMKHaqUBpsQ6AEISDAH#v=onepage&q=Kurt%20Eggers%2C%20Das%20Spiel%20von%20Job%20dem%20Deutschen&f=false pp. 129–30].
33. ^¹²Erika Fischer-Lichte, Kurze Geschichte des deutschen Theaters, UTB für Wissenschaft 1667, 2nd ed. Stuttgart: Francke, 1999, {{ISBN|9783772016912}}, Volume 3, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5FNCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA293&dq=Kurt+Eggers,+Das+Spiel+von+Job+dem+Deutschen&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwitoqChhoPPAhVW4GMKHaqUBpsQ6AEIVTAJ#v=onepage&q=Kurt%20Eggers%2C%20Das%20Spiel%20von%20Job%20dem%20Deutschen&f=false p. 293] {{de icon}}.
34. ^Schoeps, p. 154.
35. ^See John London, Theatre Under the Nazis, pp. 296–97 for a list of published Thingspiele.
36. ^Schoeps, pp. 154–57.
37. ^Niven, [https://books.google.com/books?id=bEHuIhK7J7MC&pg=PA55&dq=Kurt+Eggers,+Das+Spiel+von+Job+dem+Deutschen&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwitoqChhoPPAhVW4GMKHaqUBpsQ6AEIMDAD#v=onepage&q=Nierentz%20Farmers%27&f=false p. 61, p. 92, note 27].
38. ^Deutsche Literatur im 20. Jahrhundert: Strukturen und Gestalten, ed. Hermann Friedmann and Otto Mann, 4th ed. Heidelberg: Rothe, 1961, {{OCLC|631677031}}, Volume 1 Strukturen, p. 153 {{de icon}}.
39. ^Niven, p. 62.
40. ^Niven, pp. 62–63.
41. ^Niven, pp. 62, 66–67.
42. ^ Anna Rosmus: Hitlers Nibelungen, Samples Grafenau 2015, pp. 91f