词条 | Third Force (South Africa) |
释义 |
The "Third Force" was a term used by leaders of the ANC during the late 1980s and early 1990s to refer to a clandestine force believed to be responsible for a surge in violence in KwaZulu-Natal, and townships around and south of the Witwatersrand (or "Rand").[1] The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) found that:
Uses after 1994Today, the high rate of protest in South Africa is often attributed to a "third force",[3][4][5] often assumed to be linked to foreign intelligence agencies, opposition political parties and white intellectuals.[6][7] However, S'bu Zikode of the shackdweller's movement Abahlali baseMjondolo has deconstructed the term by claiming the third force is the anger of the poor.[8] Abahlali baseMjondolo has also argued that "it is clear that the third force is just another name for the organised poor".[9] The ANC also often refers to protestors and other critics as "counter-revolutionaries".[10] Cosatu President Sdumo Dlamini has claimed that popular organisations active in local politics are linked to the CIA.[11] The Mail & Guardian has reported that: "According to grassroots activists the accusations of 'criminality' and 'third forces' are familiar: used to delegitimise and dismiss dissent and grievances - and perpetuate the notion of a society homogenously content with an ANC-led government."[12] The newspaper also quoted activist Ayanda Kota as saying that these allegations "take the agency away from us. It's the same argument used for the mineworkers fighting for a living wage: they are being used by some 'third force' . . .Poor people…apparently can't organize. It was the same with Steve Biko and the Black Consciousness Movement - the CIA were behind them."[12] The xenophobic pogroms in May 2008 were also ascribed to 'the third force'.[13] In 2015 Malusi Gigaba also ascribed xenophobic violence to a "third force".[14] Protest at mining on communal lands,[15] independent trade union action,[16] student protest[17] and the formation of new political parties has also been seen in conspiratorial terms by the ANC.[18] Gwede Mantashe, secretary general of the ANC, has ascribed strikes on the mines to the agency of 'white foreigners'.[19] The ANC controlled eThekwini Municipality in Durban has repeatedly claimed that 'the third force' is behind land occupations in the city.[20] Charles van Onselen argues that the ANC uses the idea of 'the third force' as a conspiracy theory to deflect attention from its own failings.[17] Notes1. ^[https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2637528?uid=3739368&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&sid=21101577695941 The Historical Significance of South Africa's Third Force], Stephen Ellis Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Jun., 1998), pp. 261-299 2. ^{{Citation | title =Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report | contribution =Section 4 Appendix: The 'Third Force' | contribution-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20050819064036/http://www.info.gov.za/otherdocs/2003/trc/4_3ap.pdf | volume =6 | pages =584 | year =2003}} 3. ^ANC: "Abahlali and opposition a third force", Mhlabunzima Memela, The Witness, 17 October 2013 4. ^'Third force' link to unrestGRAEME HOSKEN and SIPHO MASOMBUKA, The Times, 7 February 2014 5. ^A revolution’s dreams betrayed, Malaika wa Azania, Sunday Independent, 30 March 2014 6. ^Abahlali's Vocal Politics of Proximity: Speaking, Suffering and Political Subjectivization, Anna Selmeczi, Journal of Asian and African Studies, October 2012 vol. 47 no. 5 498-515 7. ^On the Third Force, SACSIS, 2012 8. ^{{Citation | last1 =Zikode | first1 =S'bu | title =We are the Third Force | publisher =Abahlali baseMjondolo | year =2006 | url =http://www.abahlali.org/node/17}} 9. ^The Third Force is Gathering its Strength, Abahlali baseMjondolo, 3 March 2010 10. ^The ANC's imagined and real enemies: 'Creeping counter-revolution' vs. creeping scandals, Ranjeni Munusamy, 21 January 2012 11. ^Conspiracy theories tell us much about South Africa, ANTHONY BUTLER, Business Day, 23 AUGUST 2013, 12. ^1 Activists decry talk of 'third force' at Marikana, Niren Tolsi, Mail & Guardian, 24 August 2012 13. ^Michael Neocosmos, From Native Foreigners to Foreign Natives, CODESRIA, Dakar, 2010, p. 118 14. ^Outbreak of xenophobic attacks ‘shows lack of leadership’, Staff Writers, Business Day, 16 April 2015 15. ^Mining is a 'done deal', Fred Kockott, IOL, 2008 16. ^Gwede's Swedish diplomatic row, By LOYISO SIDIMBA AND CANDICE BAILEY, Sunday Independent, 23 June 2013] 17. ^1 The top 10 ANC conspiracy theories, Charles van Onselen, Rand Daily Mail, 25 May 2016 18. ^New parties a sign of 'foreign agents', says MK Vets chairman, COLLEEN GOKO, Business Day, 30 APRIL 2013, 19. ^foreigners": The danger of history repeating itself, Terry Bell, GroundUp, 13 June 2014 20. ^.[https://www.iol.co.za/mercury/news/ethekwini-says-third-force-behind-increased-land-invasions-in-durban-18851344 eThekwini says third force behind increased land invasions in Durban], Se-Anne Rall, The Mercury, 17 January 2019 See also
4 : Apartheid in South Africa|Human rights abuses|Politics of South Africa|Political terminology in South Africa |
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